Looking Fo Alibrandi :: essays research papers

Growing up is complex, especially in a society with divers(prenominal) ethnic background. This is the major issue the novel sounding for Alibrandi discusses. A realistic view through the eyes of a seventeen-year old Italian girl, Josephine is presented. Josephines like many teenagers that seduce learned from their mistakes. This is the long road that everybody meets go puzzleing up.Learning to become an adult has many different responsibilities and every teenager has to deal with these issues. Once they pass a certain age different responsibilities have to be dealt with. Taking care of yourself is necessary before you can begin to help others. Most teenagers have to know what they want. In reference to Looking for Alibrandi Josephine had trouble taking her responsibilities seriously. Either being a school captain for example, on school sports day Josephine was supposed to look after a company of students but instead went to the city with her friends. Her goal in life was to b ecome a lawyer and after startting a scholarship she tried everything to get good marks. However she did not know how to be mature in front of adults. She kept proving that she was immature by the way she acted with her parents, Sister Gregory, grandmother and her boyfriend. By the end of the novel Josephine reflects on the way she has acted through issue the year and why she has acted that way. The relationships within a family influence the way a young person grows up. Children who grow up without either parent will lack part of their growing up.For instance a male growing up without a father misses out on male companionship. Without a mother he will lack a part of his caring side. On the other hand a female child growing up without her mother will miss the neutering and caring side, basically a mothers love. If she where to grow up without a father she would have a confusing time trying to relate to most men and the protection of a father around.In Josephine Alibrandis case she never knew what it was like to have a father around. In some parts of the novel she recounts the time when she felt he was needed most. There is the conflict between the Italian cultural traditions and values compared to the Australian way of life. Growing up can be difficult and confusing trying to adapt from one culture to another.

A Storm of Emotion in Kate Chopins The Storm Essay -- Chopin Storm Es

The Storm of Emotion Usually a storm creep upon us, hits a luminous climax, and then fades outside into nonhingness. In The Storm, Kate Chopin develops a parallel between a rainstorm and an emotional storm in a womans flavor. Chopin uses symbolic representation to depict the feelings of relationships that ar as unpredictable as that of a raging storm. In the time frame that this story is set, many major life decisions things are made taking into account ones duty to family - including the selection of a husband or wife. It is possible that each of these couples may non eat been in love, when their vows were stated. They have a duty to society they moldiness not marry outside of their social class. They have a duty to their family they must not disgrace the family by not marrying. They have a duty to him or herself, they must not allow themselves to be alone. If they marry because there is no some some other choice, or because of a sense of duty, it is unlikely that th ey will have a fulfilling relationship. It appears as though Calixta and Bobinot are content, and if they did not love each other when they were archetypal married, then they have learned to love each other as the time passed. Mr. and Mrs. Laballiere await to be content, but their relationship seems to belacking something. There doesn t seem to be any closeness of any kind. Clarisse is quite content to forgo their intimate conjugal life at least for a inadequate while. The slow down in Clarisse s arrival home is encouraged by Alcee, which seems odd for a husband who is lovingly, devoted to his life long companion. Chopin uses the details to farm symbolisation that represents the bonds of therelationship between Alcee and Calixta. There is an awkwardness to... ...ife is felt a juvenile as the two lovers say good-bye in a glistening green cosmos (668). Alcee and Calixta tail end return to their families as hopeful, vibrant people and continue their lives with a little more love and vitality. Ms. Chopin magnificently gathers the descriptive details and uses them in such away that her meaning is comprehensible to the reader. The reader sees the complete storm, from the first raindrops to the last. She uses unique, creative symbolism to portray the thoughts and emotions that so often fade with the storm. The storm washes the depressing, dingy propagate away, and allows new hope and vigor to spring up in its place. So the storm passed and everyone was happy (669). Work CitedChopin, Kate. The Storm. Literature Across Cultures. Eds. Sheena Gillepie, Terzinha Fonseca, Carol A. Sanger 3rd ed. capital of Massachusetts Allyn and Bacon, 2001. A Storm of Emotion in Kate Chopins The Storm Essay -- Chopin Storm EsThe Storm of Emotion Usually a storm creeps upon us, hits a luminous climax, and then fades away into nothingness. In The Storm, Kate Chopin develops a parallel between a rainstorm and an emotional storm in a womans life. Chopin us es symbolism to depict the feelings of relationships that are as unpredictable as that of a raging storm. In the time frame that this story is set, many major life decisions things are made taking into account ones duty to family - including the selection of a husband or wife. It is possible that each of these couples may not have been in love, when their vows were stated. They have a duty to society they must not marry outside of their social class. They have a duty to their family they must not disgrace the family by not marrying. They have a duty to him or herself, they must not allow themselves to be alone. If they marry because there is no other choice, or because of a sense of duty, it is unlikely that they will have a fulfilling relationship. It appears as though Calixta and Bobinot are content, and if they did not love each other when they were first married, then they have learned to love each other as the time passed. Mr. and Mrs. Laballiere seem to be content, but the ir relationship seems to belacking something. There doesn t seem to be any closeness of any kind. Clarisse is quite content to forgo their intimate conjugal life at least for a little while. The delay in Clarisse s arrival home is encouraged by Alcee, which seems odd for a husband who is lovingly, devoted to his life long companion. Chopin uses the details to create symbolism that represents the bonds of therelationship between Alcee and Calixta. There is an awkwardness to... ...ife is felt anew as the two lovers say good-bye in a glistening green world (668). Alcee and Calixta can return to their families as hopeful, vibrant people and continue their lives with a little more love and vitality. Ms. Chopin magnificently gathers the descriptive details and uses them in such away that her meaning is comprehensible to the reader. The reader sees the complete storm, from the first raindrops to the last. She uses unique, creative symbolism to portray the thoughts and emotions that so often fade with the storm. The storm washes the depressing, dingy dust away, and allows new hope and vigor to spring up in its place. So the storm passed and everyone was happy (669). Work CitedChopin, Kate. The Storm. Literature Across Cultures. Eds. Sheena Gillepie, Terzinha Fonseca, Carol A. Sanger 3rd ed. Boston Allyn and Bacon, 2001.

John Steinbeck: Experiencing the Dust Bowl Essay -- essays research pa

The 1930s were a decade of great change politically, economically, and socially. The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl wore raw the jitteriness of the people, and our true strength was shown. From it arose John Steinbeck, a storyteller of the Okies and their hardships. His books, especially The Grapes of Wrath, are reflections of what really went on in the 1930s. John Steinbeck did not write about what he had previously read, he instead wrote what he experienced through his travels with the migrator workers. His method was not to present himself notebook in hand and interview people. sort of he worked and trave lead with the migrants as one of them, living as they did and arousing no suspicion from employers militantly alert against agitators of any kind. (Lisca 14) John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath was derived from his personal experiences and his journeys with the migrant workers.John Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902 in the town of Salinas, California. Salinas was an a gricultural trading center with ties to the farms and ranches in the area. Steinbecks father, John Steinbeck Sr., was in the flour-milling business and through it support his family of three daughters and one son. Steinbeck was a good student and a great writer even at an early age he wrote stories for his high school day paper. (Lisca 1-4)The experiences that were most influential to Steinbeck were not at school, moreover instead came from his home and the countryside. He read his mothers books, which included the titles of Crime and Punishment, Paradise lost and The Return of the Native. Another major influence was the countryside of California that surrounded him all his childhood. He went with Good 2his family to his mothers family ranch, where Steinbeck was surrounded by nature, and these kinds of trips led him to write such books as East of Eden and The Red Pony. (Lisca 3-5)Later in life, Steinbeck wrote a book called In Dubious Battle, which make him known as sympathetic t o the labor conditions in California. Because of this, Steinbeck accepted assignments to write articles about the migrants working in California. Steinbeck had been aware of the labor problems in his state of California, but for these articles he wanted to experience it firsthand. For inspiration for his articles, and also what would turn out to be the inspiration for Grapes of Wrath, he visited t... ...out Ive tried to make the subscriber participate in the actuality, what he takes from it will be scaled entirely on his own depth or hollowness. There are five layers in this book, a reader will find as many as he can and he wont find more than he has in himself. (DeMott xiii).John Steinbeck was not observing these peoples plight, but was instead living and feeling it. Steinbeck could have only been considered an observer in that he did not have to experience it. Throughout his experiences living and working with the migrants he not only became interested or aware of the cause, but he became inclined to the cause and it became a part of him. Good 5Works CitedDeMott, Robert. Introduction. The Grapes of Wrath. By John Steinbeck. New York Penguin Books, 1939.Lisca, Peter. John Steinbeck Nature and Myth. New York Thomas Y. Cromwell Company, 1978.Steinbeck, Elaine, and Robert Wallsten. Steinbeck A disembodied spirit in Letters. New York Penguin Books, 1989Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. 20th century ed. New York Penguin Books, 1939.Steinbeck, John. Working Days The Journals of Grapes of Wrath. Ed. Robert DeMott. New York Penguin Books, 1989.

Logocentricity or Difference :: essays research papers

In many academic and scientific investigations there are three stages of development. The first involves the identification of the subject or phenomenon downstairs investigation. The second involves establishing a surmisal or hypothesis to explain the nature and characteristics of whatever is to be investigated. In the third phase the investigator seeks to kick in theory to some procedure of analysis, perhaps in the form of a practical application of knowledge to a range of tasks. What is the "subject" of the present study? It is non some clearly defined topic such as the behaviour of a reliable kind of animal or the molecular structure of certain chemicals. The subject is a verbal phenomenon, or - to be very cautious - a possible verbal phenomenon. Do the titles of poems by Goethe and the German Romantics in which the article "Wandrer" occurs and do occurrences of the verb "to wander" in English poetry reflect the same phenomenon? By way of an analogy with a court case, I will chitchat a number of witnesses and first among them, translators who rendered the German "Wand(e)rer" in the titles of German poetic works as "Wanderer" in English. In fact William of Norwichs translation of Goethes "Der Wandrer" real exerted a demonstrable influence on William Wordsworth, affecting his use of the word "Wanderer" in his own poetry. "Wanderers Night-Songs" demonstrates that for Longfellow the English word "Wanderer" Henry Wadsworth Longfellows interpretation of the title "Wandrers Nachtlied" as captured better than any other the sum total effect of the word "Wand(e)rer" in Goethes poem. To the second class of witness belong critics who apply the word "Wanderer" or a form of verb "to wander" to their critical evaluations, evidently locating the same nexus of themes and problems whether they are writing about German or English poetry. Two critics have in my view already identified the phenomenon with which I am concerned - Professor L. A.Willoughby in his discussions of Goethes poetry and Geoffrey H. Hartman in his discussions of English romanticism. Their conclusions overlap when they refer to the main protagonist in Goethes Faust drama as a "Wanderer". I see my task in consolidation and correlating their arguments and insights, and to do this with any degree of objectivity I discuss at some length J. Tynjanovs theories concerning "the Word" in poetry. I also attempt to vitiate any monocausal explanation of the phenomenon identified by myself and others (though my perception of the scope of this phenomenon is wider than in the case of the two scholars I have mentioned).

Regional Band Competition :: Example Personal Narratives

Regional Band Competition   The situation was insane. Not only did I have to make time in the finicky schedule of my junior year to take a few days off from school to attend the District One East High coach Band Festival, but I actually had to audition to get a decent seat. Dont get me wrong I was thrilled approximately attending. I honourable wasnt looking forward to having to make up two days worth of schoolwork. For once, I would be attending a festival where the seating arrangement wasnt based on how fast you could sprint to the stage from your seat in the auditorium, but on how talented of a musician you were. And the music for the audition? Amazingly difficult. I knew galore(postnominal) of the other students from other competitions and festivals, so I was familiar with their talent and ability. Based on that knowledge, I decided that I had no chance of placing higher in the rankings than, say, a jar of mayonnaise.   After diligently practicing - or c ramming - the night before the audition, I felt I was as prepared as Id ever be. come to the fore of all the pieces we were given for the audition, my friends and I had narrowed it down to a few choices that the judges would most likely pick for the try-outs. From the three or four that we picked, we impelled that the hardest song was Gustav Holsts Second Suite in F. Fortunately, this song was one that I was familiar with already from concert band. I felt somewhat confident about the audition, but managed to convince myself that Id be ecstatic if I castd any higher than last chair. I didnt even dream of placing high enough to be selected for Regional Band. The students with the highest scores at the District festivals were chosen to advance to the Regional competition.   The first night of the District Band Festival, held at Yough Senior High School, took place on the evening of January 19, 2000. Cramming seven Hempfield students and one tuba into a mini-yellow bu s, which we dubbed The Sped Sled, we trekked through the blustery winter weather to the school. Surprisingly enough, we were early, giving us all a little more time to relax, warm-up, or practice music.

Regional Band Competition :: Example Personal Narratives

Regional Band Competition   The situation was insane. Not only did I have to make time in the expeditious schedule of my junior year to take a few days off from school to attend the District One East High civilise Band Festival, but I actually had to audition to get a decent seat. Dont get me wrong I was thrilled about attending. I ripe wasnt looking forward to having to make up two days worth of schoolwork. For once, I would be attending a festival where the seating arrangement wasnt based on how fast you could sprint to the stage from your seat in the auditorium, but on how talented of a musician you were. And the music for the audition? Amazingly difficult. I knew numerous of the other students from other competitions and festivals, so I was familiar with their talent and ability. Based on that knowledge, I decided that I had no chance of placing higher in the rankings than, say, a jar of mayonnaise.   After diligently practicing - or cramming - the nigh t before the audition, I felt I was as prepared as Id ever be. erupt of all the pieces we were given for the audition, my friends and I had narrowed it down to a few choices that the judges would most likely pick for the try-outs. From the three or four that we picked, we find out that the hardest song was Gustav Holsts Second Suite in F. Fortunately, this song was one that I was familiar with already from concert band. I felt somewhat confident about the audition, but managed to convince myself that Id be ecstatic if I go downd any higher than last chair. I didnt even dream of placing high enough to be selected for Regional Band. The students with the highest scores at the District festivals were chosen to advance to the Regional competition.   The first night of the District Band Festival, held at Yough Senior High School, took place on the evening of January 19, 2000. Cramming seven Hempfield students and one tuba into a mini-yellow bus, which we dubbed The Spe d Sled, we trekked through the blustery winter weather to the school. Surprisingly enough, we were early, giving us all a little more time to relax, warm-up, or practice music.

Essay on Anil

How does Valuable present the feelings of the young man in Something Old, Something red-hot? B) How does the writer present the feelings of a character from a different story in Sunlight on the Grass? In the story Something Old, Something New Valuable presents the feelings of a young man as person that is always being judged and looked down upon because of his religious choices and how he had converted from Catholicism to Islam.They did not understand that side of him, from this paraphrase I can infer hat the young mans parents did not approve or understand his choice to convert from Catholicism to Islam. The word understand in the quote shows how the parents could not relate to this side of him. It also shows how this whitethorn create a barrier between the relationship of the young man and his parents as the convert may not have been what the parents had wanted just nevertheless, the young man still persisted with his choice in faith.In addition, the young man is shown by Valu able as someone who is uncomfortable with he big change in culture. This is shown by the quote Her country disturbed him. This displays how the young man finds everything unusual. Zooming in on the word disturbed shows the referee that the young man has been put come on of his comfort zone completely. The word disturbed brings negative connotations to my mind this shows that he is not only seeing a spacious change, but he dislikes it too. Alternatively, the writer of the story Nail (Nor) portraysNail who is restricted by the life he was born in to. His dreams were bigger than him, this shows that he had huge ambitions but they are too big for him and unachievable. This was different to the people that surrounded him with very little ambitions in life, or none at all. This is why Nail, the little boy, stood out in the story. The word dreams is positive and therefore shows that he has hope for the future and still a little bit of happiness, despite his unfortunate lifestyle.

Case Study Nike Essay

1. How does Nikes decision to retain an in-house arm of ad chest Wieden & Kennedy exemplify the concept of organizational radiation pattern?The decision to retain an in-house arm of ad agency exemplify the concept of organizational design, makes you look at how both(prenominal) companies interpret organizational design. Organizational design is the process of creating grammatical constructions that accomplish the companys missions and objectives. First looking at the text, you interpret the Nikes mission is to design products that leave have an outcome of a demonstrable image and that positive image will encourage consumers to purchase Nike products.This shows you that Nikes image is one of the almost viable and important aspects for their companys success. Which would leave to the following aspects of customer satisfaction, because without that I could potentially ruin Nikes positive image that they strive so much for. Another factor that plays into this positive image would be advertising. Advertising is an important factor because helps the company showcase their consumer-aimed designs to the public.Nike recently spent nearly $2.5 trillion annually on advertising. This textbook reference perfectly displays Nikes commitment to their positive brand image. Nikes current advertising agency, Wieden & Kennedy has portrayed this image successfully in the past and currently. This success was show by Nike providing them with in-house arms at the Nike headquarters. By Nike displaying this affection of placing a core contributor to their mission of having a positive image and taking placing them into their headquarters, embodies the concept of organizational design.Not only does is embody the concept is begets the advertising agency the opportunity to have access to Nikes administrator officers, all other employees that fall under the top-down and bottom-up structures of change. Which will stimulate Weiden & Kennedy form to better and personalizemarketing stra tegies and divisional structure for Nikes mission and purpose to give them the competitive advantage that they have and strive for.2. Given the problems Nike has had with sweatshop labor being used by some of its hostile contractors, are there parts of the firm that need to be run with a mechanistic rather than organic design? Give examples to support your answer.In my opinion, Nike should run with a mechanistic design rather than organic. They should do this because when looking at the manufacturing departments that Nike employs it is common knowledge that they companies may not provide nor have the radical necessities that would be implemented by labor laws. Now, seeing that mechanistically control is exceedingly bureaucratic is only proves that this needs to happen at bottom outsourcing departments. Nike should have more restricted limits of control to keep them on task when employing these realities of outsourcing.The association with sweatshops is a big deal alone, and Nike is being accused of allowing then to be employed within their company. Looking back at the question above, this would impact their mission of having a positive image as a while. Referring to the text Nike refused and refuted to comments made by the critics. Nike will destroy their mission of wanting a positive image, when being associated with allowing sweatshops and unsatisfactory work conditions. When looking at prevention of this negative image, you would have to go to the employees who square off the outsourcing and construct and organize the business dealing with the manufacturing firms. Like stated before they should have personalized and centralized tasks and authority at all times.A demeanor they could implement this in there current situation would be appointing Hannah Jones a Nike executive to watch over the efforts of improvements in the factories working and labor conditions. She could do this by simply appointing a position below hers to watch over a specific issue a t a time and report back to her. This would give her department power of what is occurring in these manufacturing companies that Nike as a in allhas decided to outsource to.The manufacturing companies involved with Nikes brand image and business, as a whole should be required to follow Nikes standards of ethics. When referring back to organizational design, extreme use of supervision is key. Even if Nike were to implement the idea of taking action of lapse every factory to focus of labor issues alone, it would give them the information needed to know if they should be outsourcing with those manufacturing departments. This could lead to the manufacturing departments actually taking that information and collaborating to have rise up trained and the proper authority to give them the expectations needed.

Confidential Industrial Application Form

Return completed applications to emailprotected Co. UK Application for the role of Date of Application Candidate Number (Office use only) individualized Title First name(s) Last name Address Post Code Home Telephone Mobile Textron Email Work We may need to strive you during office hours (with discretion) National Insurance Number Do you have some(prenominal) friends or relatives who work for First Response Recruitment Limited? amuse localise Date of Birth Emergency progress to ( beguile give details of a family member or friend who we can contact if necessary) Education, qualifications and training Include qualifications obtained and either other training courses attended. Dates Professional Qualifications held Please give details (if applic adequate) role history Current or most recent oeuvre first Please note We need a minimum of 26 weeks exercise history, Fill out a section for all periods of no work.If you have been working for an involution Agency you need to complete a section for each contract you have worked on for the agency. Start Date Finish Date Employment spatial relation Permanent Temp Through Gag Temp with Comp each Contract No Work (provide Reason) Sick Jury Service Maternity Leave opposite (please Sate) Comp all Name Company Address Contact Name Telephone Agency Name Agency Address Position Brief Summary of Duties hire / Rate & Benefits Reason For Leaving Please ask for additional forms if solicitd.I hereby confirm the employment details provided is a true and accurate reflection of my employment history to date. Signed Interviewer Initials (Please do not sign this now, we leave run through your history with you first during your interview) References First Response Recruitment Limited result not offer you any work at all, unless we can obtain two years worth of references, these will be taken prior to any work or role been offered, for temporary workers only. References (2) years worth is beard, you moldiness(prenominal) comp lete this section Please give details of two referees who are subject to comment on your work ability.One referee should be your current or most recent, employer. References must cover the last two years of employment and must not be provided by a family member or relative. You will not be offered ANY role or assignment without these references being on file. Name Employers name and address Postcode Relationship of Referee to you We need to obtain the reference prior to you working for us If you cannot complete this section, you need to paint a picture the Consultant or the Administrator.We will have no option but to cancel the application if you cannot provide information that is vital to our quality checks and screening process. balk Discrimination Act 1995 (DAD) & Amended Act 2005 First Response Recruitment Limited has a policy of interviewing applicants who have a disability and who meet the immanent short listing criteria. The DAD 1995 & 2005 defines disability as a physica l or mental impairment that has a substantial and Eng-term adverse effect on the ability to carry out normal day to day activities.Do you consider yourself to have a disability, in accordance with the Act? Yes No Do you require any special arrangements if asked to go for an interview. We want to ensure you receive a fair interview, for example a sign language interpreter, lip-reads, speech-to-text operator, audio transcription, wheelchair-accessible interview populate etc Would you require any reasonable adjustments to be made if you were offered a position with First Response Recruitment Limited clients? Yes No If yes, please describe concisely what these adjustments would beConfidential Industrial Application FormReturn completed applications to emailprotected Co. UK Application for the role of Date of Application Candidate Number (Office use only) private Title First name(s) Last name Address Post Code Home Telephone Mobile Textron Email Work We may need to contact you during office hours (with discretion) National Insurance Number Do you have any friends or relatives who work for First Response Recruitment Limited?Please destine Date of Birth Emergency contact (Please give details of a family member or friend who we can contact if necessary) Education, qualifications and training Include qualifications obtained and any other training courses attended. Dates Professional Qualifications held Please give details (if applicable) Employment history Current or most recent employment first Please note We need a minimum of 26 weeks employment history, Fill out a section for all periods of no work.If you have been working for an Employment Agency you need to complete a section for each contract you have worked on for the agency. Start Date Finish Date Employment status Permanent Temp Through Gag Temp with Company Contract No Work (provide Reason) Sick Jury Service Maternity Leave new(prenominal) (please Sate) Company Name Company Address Contact Name Telephon e Agency Name Agency Address Position Brief Summary of Duties pay / Rate & Benefits Reason For Leaving Please ask for additional forms if required.I hereby confirm the employment details provided is a true and accurate reflection of my employment history to date. Signed Interviewer Initials (Please do not sign this now, we will run through your history with you first during your interview) References First Response Recruitment Limited will not offer you any work at all, unless we can obtain two years worth of references, these will be taken prior to any work or role been offered, for temporary workers only. References (2) years worth is required, you must complete this section Please give details of two referees who are able to comment on your work ability.One referee should be your current or most recent, employer. References must cover the last two years of employment and must not be provided by a family member or relative. You will not be offered ANY role or assignment without t hese references being on file. Name Employers name and address Postcode Relationship of Referee to you We need to obtain the reference prior to you working for us If you cannot complete this section, you need to appreciate the Consultant or the Administrator.We will have no option but to cancel the application if you cannot provide information that is vital to our quality checks and screening process. deterioration Discrimination Act 1995 (DAD) & Amended Act 2005 First Response Recruitment Limited has a policy of interviewing applicants who have a disability and who meet the native short listing criteria. The DAD 1995 & 2005 defines disability as a physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and Eng-term adverse effect on the ability to carry out normal day to day activities.Do you consider yourself to have a disability, in accordance with the Act? Yes No Do you require any special arrangements if asked to go for an interview. We want to ensure you receive a fair intervi ew, for example a sign language interpreter, lip-reads, speech-to-text operator, audio transcription, wheelchair-accessible interview style etc Would you require any reasonable adjustments to be made if you were offered a position with First Response Recruitment Limited clients? Yes No If yes, please describe curtly what these adjustments would be

Childcare and Education Essay

E1- Summarise the factors which whitethorn influence the health and development of babies in the first year of their croaks Environmental factors much(prenominal) as non having enough space in the garden for babies to move nigh to play and explore result influence their development as they maynot be adequate to expand their fine and gross labor skills. The environment mint affect babies health and development as people around the nipper who may smoke sack up transfer that smoke to the rape even if the smoke isnt directly infront of them.By having a ward and consistant theater this hatful help the plunder feel unspoilt and strong therefore maintaining their health and development. P bents may not be fitted to afford toys and equipment for their claw to play with, this may affect the sister as the child may not prevail to experience different experiences. A stimulating environment for a cosset is eventful as they pass on learn according to the opportunities th ey get, objects such(prenominal) as rattles, musical toys will encour bestride movement and interaction. Physical- This is grave as babies development can be affected by this.The mother may not be open to flummox the baby for manner of walkings out-of-door or carry the baby around or upstairs/ stamp outstair due to disabilities that the mother or p bents may have in general. Genetics is another factor which may influence health and development of the child as some illnessess are inherited. An example is Downs Syndrome, this is a genetic condition that ca personas physical and intellectual impariments. The mothers health plays a vital single-valued function in the development of a baby as women who are in good health during pregnancy are more(prenominal) likely of having a healthy baby, as the baby will be getting all the nurtition it involve to develop.If the mother is not healthy the baby will be affected by this. Emotional- after(prenominal) having a baby some mothers suffer or develop from post natal depression and this can affect how the mother and babys bond in the first few months. After a difficult birth post natal depression may develop, some women suffer generally from depression, if it has taken a mother a enchantment to fall pregant and have children, and some women may develop this for some unkown reason. During the first month, some babies may develop faster or slower than average this is notwithstanding rarely a sign of a medical condition.Preterm babies born before the 37th week of pregnancy are physically younger than their full-term peers, so they may show signs of cognitive or physical delays. However, most preterm infants catch up to their peers during the first or second year of life. Other factors that influence a newborns development include genetics, environment and the addressgivers levels of interaction. E2/C1- Describe how indoor and outside environments can be made safe, reassuring and stimulating Indoor and out-of-do or environments can be made safe by making sure children are looked after and cared for properly and never left alone, so there es directial be remedy ratios in the setting, ratios are stated under Ofsted and the EYFS to make sure the children have the right amount of care attention they need. If theres not correct ratios the children can be put at risk, and this may ca make use of accidents. By following all the correct policies and procedures and checking all eqiupment is safe for the child to use.Risk assessments must(prenominal) be done before the children can go into the environment and the environment must be adapted for all childrens individual(a) needs so they are able-bodied to learn and achieve. From providing the correct equipment this will help develop the childrens individual skills. By having a safe and secure environment children will feel cheerful and safe which is important. The indoor environment should feel postly so the children will feel settled and boom ing in the environment. It is important to let children to give their foreplay in the indoor areas, such as allowing them to do a display.The indoor area must have space and room for the children can move around safely, the cupboards,draws and tables must all be at the childrens level and not high up as this could cause an accident as something could fall down from above and hit the child. Radiator guards must be in setting to protect the children. Ensuring children have new experiences helps them develop in m either ways, new experiences allows babies too use their imagination and copy what they see or experience in another situation. New experiences stimulate babies into wanting to learn and do more that challenges them to see what happens.The outdoor environment must provide children to have freedom and able to run around and have independance. The outdoor environment must suit all ranges of hold so the children can go outside in all weathers. All equiptment must be suitable an d age appropriate, before children can go outside risk assessments must be done, if there is any unnessesary objects outdoors such as glass, litter or waste can be removed so it is safe for the children to play. The outdoor area should provide challenge as a risk is a challenge what a child can see, and are able to undertake it or not.Free flow must be introduced so children can move freely from outdoors to indoors easily. Learning activities must be provided outdoors overly. Daily outdoor play is an important part of childrens learning and is required by the EYFS. It offers many new learning experiences, and boosts mental and physical wellbeing and confidence. Free-flow play adds further benefits, giving children more space and freedom to explore the world around them, letting them make decisions and assess risks while reduction the feeling of being rushed from one act to the other.Children all have different learning styles and needs some prefer to play and learn outside, and s hould be offered this opportunity wherever possible. Some may not have outdoor space at position, in which case its even more important. http//www. teachnursery. com/nursery-management/ consider/qa-free-flow-play It is important that practitoners know if children have any allergies, as children under 12 months cannot talk or communicate very well so practitioners must beg parent/carers this informaation. Having allergies on recored or on view in the setting will help anyone unfamililar coming into the setting.If practitioners do not know this information therefore the child/baby will be at risk. There are different things that helps reassure babies in settings which could be stability and consistancy, familar staff and practitioners, good positively charged relationships and things which comfort the child such as a blankets and dummies. E3- Describe the anticipate floor of development of babies at the chosen age and how they may be expected to develop in the next two, three m onths of their lives At six months babies will develop gross motor skills. When a baby is lying on their stern they can roll over onto their stomach.If lyin on their stomach the child will be able to llift their head and chest, supporting themselves on their arms and hands. Babies at this age can use their shoulders to pull themselves into a sittingn position. At 6 months a baby can almost handle all their own weight. They are able to move their arms purposefully and hold them up, indicating a wish to be lifted. Babies at six months are able to kick vigersously with their legs altertaning, the baby can also lift their legs into a vertical position and grasp one or twain feet with their hands.Babies at this age also have social skills as they can sime and babble when given attention and enjoy social play. Also babies will be able to mimic facial expressions and repete them. In the next couple months of the babies live their emotional skills will develop more and will be able to exp ress pleasure and displeasure also will be able to realize emotions by a tone of voice. Their language will also improve as the child will be able to reconigise th ecare givers voice, and is able to respond to their name also aswell as being able to respond to other words such as mummy bye bye.Babies will be able to thurn their head in direction when spoken to. In the next few months the baby will explore more with their hands and mouth as is able to find partially hidden objects. A baby at this age will also spend longer studying and taking more interest in toys. E4- Explain how TWO different play activities/experiences can support the overall development of the baby described in E3 Treasure baskets is a good way to get babies to explore different objects and toys. From the basket having toys which are sensory this will encourage the child to use all senses.Such as having musical things in the basket which will encourage to child to listen, having toys which are colourful, and oth er objects in the basket which are different shapes, sizes, different textures such as a fluffy, hard, soft etc. Introducing new things will support overall experiences and have a variety of objects in basket will give the child a range of new things they can play will and learn from, having mirrors and shinny bits on the basket will attract the babys attention, it can help the development of fine motor skills.The child will discover that not all things are the same. This will encourage hand and eye coordination and is allowing the baby to explore and use their own imaginaton. From using treasure baskets babies will be curious and will discover that some objects feel different, look different and may be harder to hold than others, they will be curious and may try banging the toys either on the floor, the basket on against another toy. Messy play. This stimulates the senses and babies are able to use their imagination.The experience gained during messy play helps children experience a variety of textures. During messy play, babies are developing eye hand coordination and fine motor skills and is a learning experience for the child. Children can do body paint and use their bodies to do a picture or objects can be introduced such as a sponge so the child can use different materials finishedt the activity. This will encourage the child to see different colours and use a variety of materials.E5- Describe the role of the practitioner in meeting the particualr needs of babies in the chosen type of setting (group care or home based care) In group based care such as pre-school, Private day nursery or schools the practitioner had an inportant role. This is to get word that all individual needs of children are met. This is so the children will develop and grow. Communication with parents/carers is important as it gives the practitoner a chance to understand what the childs rountine is at home and make sure it is as stress free and possible, as using as much as the chi lds routine at home as possible.This routine may include feeding and sleeping. The practitioner must be aware of the childs routine as the child will be employ to certain times they have a nap and sleep, what time they have meals etc so it is important that the pracftitioner must let the child sleep and eat at what times they are used to. Routines are important for babies as it helps them know what they are doing, without routines babies can be unsettled and not sleep well.Ensuring good relationships with both parents and baby will make sure information is passed between the parents and the practitioners so that both are aware of anything that could affect the care of the child. The practitioner needs to visualise that they have an honest and professional relationship with children and parents as this is vital. Practitioners and settings also must ensure that they have stimulating activities for babies to get involved in, such as an activity which will help develop the babies sen ses, their sight, touch, taste, and hearing, this will help babies develop and meet important milestones.Planning is very important in settings and practitooners must be able to adapt preparedness when needed or if needed to suuit individual needs, babies need stimulation to keep them engaged and to ensure they develop and make progress to ensure they meet milestones in the future. The environment in the setting must be open to adaptation, indoors and outdoors. Baies must have opportunities to help their development and growth. When babies start to crawl, walk they need to have a safe environment.The safety and welfare of the children should still be the main priority of the practitioner, making sure toys are age and stage ppropriate and planning to meet the needs of all the children in the practitioners care. E6- Show how the child proctection policies and procedures in the setting protect and safeguard the babies Health and safety- This ensures all equipement and resources are sa fe to use and clean, sterrile for babies to use. Risk assessments must be made so all environments are safe for all children. Confidentiality This reassures parents/carers as it ensures that all the childrens information is secure and unploughed away, so only people who need to access it can do.Confidentiality means that all the childrens personal information must be kept in a locked cupboard or in a computter with a password to protect all the details and information. Practitioners within the setting should have up to date training to ensure they are fully aware of confidentiality and be aware if any policies and procedures have changed. Child protection policies and procedures in the settings are there to protect all children and babies. Babies cannot protect themselves so policies and procedures are to ensure children do not come to any unnessearyy harm and are cared for correctly.All babies and children must be protected from any discrimination such as gender, disability,race etc. Children must be safe and protected so practiononers must reconise abuse if they see any signs which are neglect, physical, sexual and emotional. Practitoners must know what to do if they see any of theses signs to protect the child. Child protection policies will cover all staff and those work in at setting have CRB checks, and trainign they need. Safe guarding procedures involve making sure all children are picked up from the setting by carers and not sent home with anyone without the parent/carers permission.Sharing information and team up work is important when it comes to protecting babies as communication is key. If a parent tells a practitoner that another person is coming to pick their child up this must be passed on so the staff/practioners are aware of this. From working in a team this can help protect children, different professionals have different exeperiences and knowledge with children, so working together is important. It ensures a childs welfare through havin g knowledge from all different areas.An example is practitioners will know the childs day to day behaviour is, and will know the child well, as a GP will not know the child that well but will know medical knowledge which the practitoner wouldnt know, therefore for the childs welfare it is important for all professionals to work together. E7/D1- Explaing the importance of well planned care rountines and the key worker system Care rountines are very important for babies as by meeting babies needs carers are encouraging self-eteem and the sense of feeling valued. Care rountines are benficial as they involve breaking the needs of children so they can meet them.This can be done by observation, oberving children in groups and alsone to see how they behave. When needs of babies have been identified then you are able to move forward, planning can be done to meet these needs. If childrens needs are not met this will affect the child as the child will not be able to develop, learn and meet important milestones as they should. Care routines give babies stabiltity as having a good care routine reassures the child and gives them constiancy. By having practioners around will make the children feel more secure and safe, as the practitioner adn child will develop a relatioship and bond.This will help the baby feel settled and comfortable with a bond and may not feel safe without this bond and the babies may feel unsettled, disstressed and unhappy so a good relationship will encourage the child to develop trust and overall all will be happier and learn to develop better. Relatioships with practitoners and parents is also important as the parent knows the child best. Meal times is apart of a care routine, and the practioners must ensure children are getting the nurtition they need, and help to encourage the child to eat.Aswell as giving babies food and drink, meal times can be very enjoyable and stimualte the social and emotional development as children are able to communicat e with each other during meal time and interact which is good for the babies social skills. Care routines are important for babies safety as policies will identify procedures which will ensure the children are safe and exaple is safety gates, gates must be kept shut at all times so the children cannot get out. Good hygiene is also beneficial to a good care routine as this will prevent babies and practitioners from becoming ill and prevents the spread of infection. hygiene is a big part of a care routine for babies so practitoners must was hands after using the toilet, deadling with bodily fluids, before preparing foods and bottles. From having similar care routines at home and in settings is important as this will give children security and will understand whats happening around them and be more comfortable and confident. In every early years setting children have a key worker. Key Workers are resbonsible for their child and form good realtionships. Key worker will observe their chi ld regualy and keep a record of how the child is developing.Planning is the key workers job and must plan to what the childs needs are. Key workers are close to their group of children and respoonsible for them, therefore will know their child more than other practitioners in the setting so key workers role is also to communicate with other professionals. The key person plays an essential role in supporting the emotional well-being of the children in their care. In doing so they take responsibility for those aspects of the childs day which have the greatest impact on their well-being. These include personal care routines nappy changing, toileting, rest times and meal times.

Growth and Development in Chhattisgarh: a Credible State

Chhattisgarh Credible defer with incredible electric potential Introduction Creation of the province of Chhattisgarh The creation of Chhattisgarh on November 01, 2000 fulfilled the demand for separate statehood that was originally raised in 1925 and subsequently rejected in the post independence era by the say reorganization Commission set up in 1954. The Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act 2000 was eventually passed by both houses of Parliament and approved by the President of India on terrific 25, 2000. This paved the way for the creation of the 26th recite of India on November 01, 2000.The creation of the new State of Chhattisgarh has succeeded in granting a sense of identity to its people and has provided them with the uncommon opportunity to chart their own destiny. General Profile Chhattisgarh located in central India has been carved out of the sixteen eastern and south-eastern districts of undivided Madhya Pradesh. It is a inland state bound in the north by Uttar Prades h and Jharkhand, in the east by Orissa, in the south by Andhra Pradesh and in the West by Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.Chhattisgarh is the ten percent cock-a-hoopst State in India with an theater of operations of approximately 135000 sq kms. The state now consists of 27 districts in 5 divisions with capital in Raipur and lofty court at Chhattisgarh. The nation of the state as per 2001 census is 2,55,40,196(prov. ) In terms of population the State ranks 16th. 80% of the total population lives in rural beas. A large destiny of the States population comprises of tribals, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. State has a population niggardness 189 which is fairly rugged as comp ard to India.Sex ratio is 991 per thousand of males and ranks fifth in India in this regard. The literacy rate is 71. 04% which is still quite gloomy. Competitive analysis of Chhattisgarh For a comprehensive analysis of the state it is important to assess the States potential in terms of its inherent strengths and weaknesses. The SWOT analysis which I am going to present is not intended to be exhaustive. However, it is indicative of whatever of the primary issues that the State will need to contend with, going forward with its strengths and opportunities. . WEAKNESSES ThreatsThe absence of large local grocery stores, skilled grind, adequate carnal infrastructure and low urbanisation atomic number 18 any(prenominal) of the key weaknesses of the State. Landlocked and limited local markets As a virtually landlocked bea, the State has to depend heavily on its road and railway network, which is to a considerable extent limited. Additionally a large rural population coupled with low per capita income limits the size of the local market. However, a few cities in the State have demonstrated the potential to develop into substantial local markets, which is evident from their flow levels of per capita spending ? show date teleph unity density The telephone density in the State is low as compared to the national average. This particularly inhibits the efficient functioning of the value industry that depends heavily on entropy and Communication Technology (ICTs). Opportunities Low skilled labour The relatively low level of industrialisation in the State has limited the phylogenesis of skilled labour. The current handiness of skilled labour is further restricted to select industries only if due to the absence of a divergent industrial base Limited physical infrastructureState still have vast area of undeveloped land and regions that have been untouched by modern developing. While this is the result of courses of prior look across in developing proper physical infrastructure only when now constitutes the weakest link in the progress towards frugal development Frequent droughts Although the average rainwater in Chhattisgarh compares well with several other states, neglect of traditional water preservation practices in recent times has led to fr equent droughts. Further, the proportion of irrigated area in the State is only 16 percent of the total cultivatable area.There is however, potential to raise the proportion of irrigated area to 75 percent of the total cultivable area Low urbanisation The State ranks low on urbanisation index with limited spot of urban centres, which are confined to central Chhattisgarh. Low urbanisation and lack of adequate physical infrastructure are the key reasons why Chhattisgarh is low on national perception, and also ranks low on development indicators along with the perceived potential for development. THREATS Over dependence on vivid alternativesThe State must take care to use its natural resources judiciously. An emphasis on balanced and all-round development would be essential to procure env exhortmentally sustainable appendage. Having said that, at that place is little doubt that the optimal utilisation of natural assets holds the key to States development process Political co mpulsions Political will at all levels is a must to enable any pattern of change. Any disruption in the pace or direction of proposed reforms could hamper the swift movement towards economic development Suspicion of and op situation to changeThe people of the freshly formed State being accustomed to prior neglect, may look upon any kind of change with doubt or suspicion. The State must, in the gist of participatory democracy, take steps to build consensus and infuse a sense of confidence in its people with specific reference to the objectives, direction and pace of economic development While it is absolutely essential to understand the weaknesses and threats (signifi erectt but not exhaustive), it is the amass of strengths and opportunities that infuses the State and its people with a sense of optimism about the future.STRENGTHS Rich natural resources Undoubtedly the biggest strength of the State, Chhattisgarh used to contribute 46% of mineral revenues to undivided Madhya Prad esh and is ranked second in the list of mineral producing States in the country. It has full deposits of limestone, iron-ore, copper-ore, rocknroll phosphate, manganese ore, bauxite, coal, asbestos and mica. In fact Chhattisgarh, along with Orissa and Jharkhand constitute over 80% of the nations coal reserves. Chhattisgarh also has proven reserves of diamond which can, in the future, be a large source of income for the State.Although the State already has a substantial presence of core industries, a large part of the mineral potential is yet untapped, providing Chhattisgarh with a unique opportunity to use its mineral wealth to spur economic development. Apart from minerals, Chhattisgarh also possesses a large forest book binding encompassing approximately 44% of the total geographical area. However, the true potential of the minor forest produce is yet to be assessed and utilised. The State has abundant but untapped water resources essential for harvesting the potential of agr iculture. Surplus power Chhattisgarh is fortunate to be one of the few States that are currently power surplus. This could be an important criterion for Industrialists making project and investment decisions, to Chhattisgarhs advantage. Presence of low grade coal makes Chhattisgarh an ideal location for setting up of low approach pit head based thermal power plant, capable of generating power to meet the requirements of other States . By exploiting its unique location along with large coal reserves, Chhattisgarh has the potential to give way the power generating hub of India Favourable labour climate Though the relative skill base is low, the presence of a large number of willing and able-bodied people contributes to the presence of a substantial workforce. The State has a high worker participation rate (male and female) and a high labour force in the 15-39 age group. It also has one of the lowest losses in person-days in the country attributed to labour problems Relatively low l and cost With a lower population density and urbanisation ratio, the State would be able to offer land at extremely competitive prices for more or less time to come ? Fiscal position The fiscal shortfall situation of the State is currently under control. It also has reliable sources of public finance and possesses no deficit on account of either the State Electricity Board or Road Transport Corporation. This is contrary to the situation in other states, wherein these agencies are the mind indorsers to the fiscal deficit. Political Leadership and Bureaucracy The number of bureaucrats and government employees compared to the other States in the country.This has also resulted in one of the lowest expenditures in the country on government functioning. The presence of a strong, committed and focussed leadership is an asset. OPPORTUNITIES New State advantage The fulfilment of the demand for a separate State has addicted a new sense of identity and pride to the local people. Being a new State and with limited legacies of the past, this is a historic opportunity for Chhattisgarh. It can leverage on this status to undertake reforms and frame policies to aid rapid social and economic development.No past legacies provide the State with an opportunity to prepare policies which are based on contemporary economic principles and which help create responsive governance. Location advantage The geographic location of the State is strategic it borders seven states in the country. NH-6, which connects the west to the east, passes through some of the most industrialised areas of the State. Chhattisgarh could use this geographic locational to its advantage to develop a logistics and warehousing network to service the region. Demand for efficiency in the countryWhile the rest of India faces acute power shortages, the same is not true of Chhattisgarh. Further, in view of the presence of large coal reserves in the State and the fact that it is situated in the middle of the n ational power grid makes it an ideal location for setting-up coal pit-head based thermal power plants. Partnership The State recognises the opportunity of an increasingly borderless world and the resulting benefits of forging partnerships with national and international communities, private and developmental institutions to spur economic development. Value additionCurrently a large part of exports from the State is in form of raw material (across minerals, agriculture and forest produce). The state could capitalise on the abundant availability of basic raw material to back up setting up of processing units for ensuring value addition and subsequently increasing avenues for employment and enhanced income Service industry India has made rapid strides in the service industry in the past few decades. The State could potentially capitalise on these areas of country advantage, specifically in the field of information and biotechnology.It is precisely this aggregate of strengths and op portunities that gives the State a positive and optimistic outlook on the future and the confidence to draft its Vision Statement. - Chhattisgarh Economy The union ministry of Statistics, has included Chhattisgarh as one of the top four states posting 10. 8 per cent GDP growth during 2011-12. It may be termed as a big success, as this was the third year the state has maintained over 10 per cent GDP growth which is more than the national average of 6. 5 %.Chhattisgarhs success factors in achieving high growth rate are growth in agriculture and industrial production. Agriculture Sector Agriculture is counted as the chief economic military control of the state. astir(predicate) 80% of the population of the state is rural and the main livelihood of the villagers is agriculture and agriculture-based small industry. The major(ip)ity of the farmers are still practicing the traditional methods of cultivation, resulting in low growth rates and productivity. The farmers have to be made awar e of modern technologies suitable to their holdings.Providing adequate knowledge to the farmers is essential for better implementation of the agricultural development plans and to meliorate the productivity. When a very substantial portion of the population is dependent on agriculture, a situation where nearly 80% of a states area is covered only by one crop, immediate attention to turn them into double crop areas is needed. Also, very few cash crops are grown in Chhattisgarh, so there is a need to diversify the agriculture produce towards oilseeds and other cash crops. Chhattisgarh is also called the rice bowl of central India.Chhattisgarh has a limitedirrigationsystem, withdamsandcanalson some rivers. Average rainfall in the state is around 1400mm and the entire state falls under the rice agroclimatic zone. Large variation in the every year rainfall directly affects the production of rice. Irrigation is the prime need of the state for its overall development and therefore the st ate government has given top priority to development of irrigation. Industrial sector Power sector Chhattisgarh is one of the few states of India where the power sector is effectively developed.Based on the current production of surplus electric power, the position of the State is comfortable and profitable. Strategically located in central India, Chhattisgarhs large surplus of power can be easily transmitted without losses to any of Indias four grids. Chhattisgarh is in the chronically deficit western grid, and is linked to the southern and northern grids. Chhattisgarh provides electricity to several other states because of surplus production and its power hubs areKorbaandBilaspur. Korba in Chhattisgarh is really the Power Capital of India.Apart from NTPC and State Electricity Companies, there are a number of private generation units of large and small capacity. The state government has pursued a liberal policy with regard to captive generation which has resulted in a number of pri vate players coming up. As per a study made by the Power Finance Corporation Ltd. , New Delhi, the state has potential of 6 coulomb0 MW of additional thermal power in terms of availability of coal for more than 100 years and more than 2500 MW hydel capacity. To use this vast potential, substantial additions to the existing generation capacity are already under way.Non ceremonious energy sources have been accorded very high priority. A special agency called CREDA (Chhattisgarh Renewable Energy Development Agency) has been set up, and over 1200 villages in dense forests are being electrified using off-grid energy. Micro-Hydel power potential is also being tapped in a big way, and several projects have been identified for viable private investment. Chhattisgarh is rising as the Power Hub of India which has the capacity to cover half the demand-supply gap in the entire country. mark sector The brand name industry is one of the biggest heavy industries of Chhattisgarh.Bhilai Steel P lant, operated bySAIL, with a capacity of 5. 4 million tonnes per year, is regarded as a meaningful contributor to the growth of the states economy . More than 100 steel rolling mills, 90 sponge iron plants and ferro-alloy units are in Chhattisgarh. Along with Bhilai, Raipur, Bilaspur, Korba and Raigarh have become the steel hub of Chhattisgarh. Today, Raipur has become the center of the steel sector, the biggest market for steel in India. Aluminium sector Bharat Aluminum Company Limited(BALCO), which has a capacity of around one million tonnes each year is the major contributor in this sector.Exports * Handcrafted wood, iron and steel, terra cotta, bell metal and handloom items are major attractions in the international market. * Chhattisgarh is the only state offering quality fabric in Tassar Silk/ Kosa, which has satisfactory export potential in the UK, France, Switzerland, Norway, the USA, Canada, Australia, South Africa and Japan. * The state has vast potential for exporting processed foods, organically grown cereals, herbal and medicinal products. * Agricultural products such(prenominal) as rice are presently exported in huge quantities to neighbouring countries .Derivatives and intermediates of rice products, processed foods and biodiesel have a huge potential for exports. * Mineral-based products including steel and pig iron, steel castings, forging and equipment, structural steel, cement and silico-mangnese are also exported from Chhattisgarh. Unlocking Natural Resources Realising the true potential of natural resources in Chhattisgarh would be one of the most immediate priorities of the state. This would ensure economic benefits to more than3/4th of the population and help create large markets within the State that would help propel growth in the secondary and the 3rd sectors.Unlocking the true potential of the natural resources would be contingent upon the States ability to address the issues facing agriculture, forestry, minerals and the water r esources sectors as follows Agriculture is the primary occupation of the people of Chhattisgarh. About 80% of the population depend on it for their livelihood. It is thus vital to the economy of the State, and any initiatives undertaken in this sector would have a abiding impact on the economy. Water being an important input for sustaining agricultural activities, its effective utilisation becomes vital for economic development.Chhattisgarh has sufficient water resources, but this resource largely remains untapped. In terms of the irrigation potential, it is estimated that 43- lakh hectare area can be irrigated as against the existing irrigation potential of 1. 34 lakh hectare Forestry has a significant role in the economic development of Chhattisgarh. 44% of the State is covered with forests, ranking it third in India in terms of forest cover. The State boasts of an copiousness of minor forest produce like Tendu leaves, Sal seed, Mahua seed, gum, etc. , which have enormous econom ic potential Minerals Chhattisgarh is rich in minerals.It produces 20% of the countrys total cement produce. It ranks scratch in the nation for coal production and second in reserves, third in iron ore production and first in tin production. Limestone,dolomiteandbauxiteare abundant. It is the onlytin-ore producing state in the country. Other minerals include corandum,garnet,quartz,marble,alexandriteanddiamonds Chhattisgarh has not fully realised the potential of its abundant mineral wealth. The presence of vast reserves of coal, iron ore, limestone, diamond, etc. have positioned the State second in the countrys list of mineral producing statesTOURISM Chhattisgarh, situated in the heart ofIndia, is endowed with a rich cultural heritage and attractive natural diversity. The state is full of ancient monuments, rare wildlife, exquisitely carvedtemples,Buddhistsites,palaces,water falls, caves, rock paintings and hill plateaus. close of these sites are untouched and unexplored and offer a unique and alternate experience to tourists, compared to traditional destinations which have become overcrowded. For tourists who are tired of the crowds at major destinations will like theBastar district, with its unique cultural and ecological identity.Conclusion Comparatively being a newly born state, Chhattisgarh is progressing by leaps and bounds. The global winds of changes can easily be sensed here. With its rich heritage it is competing with other states on number of counts and has been recognized at various forums for its achievements. It is both the land of opportunities and challenges. I, through this presentation could voice some of the challenges, which the state is facing, however with its inherent strengths, I am sure, the state will grow and develop at a high pace and can become leading state in the country.The people of Chhattisgarh are determined to make the things happen, the way they have envisaged. The people are enterprising and are now well versed with chan ge process. The state has exhibited growth pattern higher than targeted in recent past and would continue the trajectory. And therefore I must say in the end that Chattisgarh is the credible state with incredible potential. Now I would like you all to please watch this one minute video to get a feel of Chhattisgarh.

Acquisition is a High Risky Strategy Essay

In the literature, interruptal motives for takeovers have been identified. One is the desire for synergy. That is, similarities or complementarities between the acquiring and rear smasheds atomic number 18 judge to result in the combined c be for of the enterprises exceeding their worth as separate flyings (Collis and Montgomery, 1998). A second motive involves the expectation that determiners erect commit value because target companies have been managed inefficiently (Varaiya, 1987).A third motive is attributed to managerial hubris the notion that senior executives, in overestimating their own abilities, acquire companies they believe could be managed more than profitably under their control. Agency theory motive is the anticipation that firm expansion will positively impact the compensation of return managers since on that point tends to be a direct relation between firm size and executive pay.Contemporary specialists contend that managerial monomania incentives whi tethorn be anticipate to have divergent impacts on corporate strategy and firm value. This premise has been recognized in previous studies. For instance, Stulz (1988) has examined the self-command of managers of target companies and has proposed that the relationship between that self-control and the value of target firms may initially be positive and then subsequently become negative with rising insider ownership.Moreover, Shivdasani (1993) empirically shows that the relationship of the ownership grammatical construction of target companies with the value of hostile bids is not uniformly positive. McConnell and Servaes (1990) have likewise analyzed the relationship of equity ownership among corporate insiders and Tobins q. Their results demonstrate a non-monotonic relation between Tobins q and insider equity stakes. Wright et al. (1996 451) have shown a non- unidimensional relationship between insider ownership and corporate strategy cogitate to firm risk taking. will power I ncentives and Changes in Comp some(prenominal) luck Motivating AcquisitionsAn way of life-theoretic motive for sciences has been used to explain managerial preferences for risk-reducing corporate strategies (Wright et al., 1996). The implication is that both principals and agents prefer acquiring target companies with high rather than lower returns. In that, sh beholders and managers have congruent interests.The interests, however, diverge in terms of risk considerations associated with acquisitions. Because stockholders possess diversified portfolios, they may only be come to with systematic risk and be indifferent to the sum total variance of returns associated with a takeover. Senior managers may alternatively prefer risk-reducing corporate strategies, unless they are granted ownership incentives. That is because they squirt not diversify their human capital invested in the firm.In the literature, it has been argued that agency costs may be reduced as managerial ownership i ncentives rise. The reason is that, as ownership incentives rise, the financial interests of insiders and shareholders will begin to converge. Analysts conjecture, however, that such incentives may not consistently provide senior executives the motivation to lessen the agency costs associated with an acquisition strategy. Inherent is the presumption that the nature of executive wealth portfolios will differently influence their attitudes toward corporate strategy. The personal wealth portfolios of top managers are comprised of their ownership of shares/options in the firm, the income produced from their physical exercise, and assets unrelated to the firm.Presumably, as senior executives increase their equity stakes in the enterprise, their personal wealth portfolios become correspondingly less diversified. Although stockholders can diversify their wealth portfolios, top executives have less flexibility if they own substantial shares in the firms they manage. Hence, if a significant portion of managers wealth is concentrated in one enthronisation, then they may find it prudent to diversify their firms via risk-reducing acquisitions.In the related literature, however, takeovers and risk taking have been approached differently from the described approach. Amihud and Lev (1999) have contended that insiders employment income is importantly related to the firms performance. Thus, managers are confronted with risks associated with their income if the maintenance of that income is dependent on achieving predetermined performance targets. Reasonably, in the eventidet of either corporate underperformance or firm failure, CEOs not only may lose their current employment income but in any case may seriously suffer in the managerial intentness market, since their future earnings potential with some other enterprises may be lowered. Hence, the risk of executives employment income is impacted by the firms risk. The ramification of Amihud and Levs (1999) contentions is t hat top managers will tend to lower firm risk, and therefore their own employment risk, by acquiring companies that contribute to stabilizing of the firms income, even if shareholder wealth is adversely affected.Consistent with the implications of Amihud and Levs arguments, Agrawal and Mandelker (1987) have similarly suggested that managers with negligible ownership stakes may adopt risk-reducing corporate strategies because such strategies may headspring serve their own personal interests. With ownership incentives, however, managers may be more likely to acquire risk-enhancing target companies, in line with the requirement of wealth maximisation for shareholders. The notion that at negligible managerial ownership levels, detrimental risk-reducing acquisition strategies may be emphasized, but with increasing ownership incentive levels, beneficial risk-enhancing acquisitions may be more prevalent is also suggested in other works (Grossman and Hoskisson, 1998). The conclusion of the se investigations is that the relationship between insider ownership and risk enhancing, worthy corporate acquisitions is linear and positive.Some experts assert that CEOs personal wealth concentration will induce senior managers to undertake risk-reducing firm strategies. Portfolio theorys expectation suggests that investors or owner-managers may desire to diversify their personal wealth portfolios. For instance, Markowitz (1952 89) has asserted that investors may wish to diversify across industries because firms in different industries. . . have lower covariances than firms within an industry. Moreover, as argued by Sharpe (1964 441), diversification enables the investor to escape all but the risk resulting from swings in economic activity. Consequently, managers with substantial equity investments in the firm may diversify the firm via risk-reducing acquisitions in order to diversify their own personal wealth portfolios. Because they may be especially concerned with risk-reducing acquisitions, however, their corporate strategies may not enhance firm value through takeovers, although managerial intention may be to boost corporate value.The above discussion is compatible with complementary arguments that suggest that insiders may acquire non-value-maximizing target companies although their intentions may be to enhance returns to shareholders. For instance, according to the synergy view, while takeovers may be motivated by an ex-ante concern for increasing corporate value, many another(prenominal) such acquisitions are not associated with an increase in firm value.Alternatively, according to the hubris hypothesis, even though insiders may intend to acquire targets that they believe could be managed more profitably under their control, such acquisitions are not ordinarily related to higher(prenominal) profitability. If acquisitions which are undertaken primarily with insider expectations that they will financially benefit owners do not realize higher performan ce, then those acquisitions which are primarily motivated by a risk-reducing desire may likewise not be associated with beneficial outcomes for owners. Additionally, it can be argued that shareholders can more efficiently diversify their own portfolios, making it unnecessary for managers to diversify the firm in order to achieve portfolio diversification for shareholders.Risk Associated with HRM practices in International AcquisitionsThere are a number of reasons why the HRM policies and practices of multinational corporations (MNCs) and cross-border acquisitions are likely to be different from those found in interior(prenominal) firms (Dowling, Schuler and Welch, 1993). For one, the difference in geographical spread means that acquisitions must normally engage in a number of HR activities that are not take in domestic firms such as providing relocation and orientation assistance to expatriates, administering international job rotation programmes, and dealing with international u nion activity.Second, as Dowling (1988) points out, the staff office policies and practices of MNCs are likely to be more complex and diverse. For instance, complex salary and income taxation issues are likely to arise in acquisitions because their pay policies and practices have to be administered to many different groups of subsidiaries and employees, located in different countries. Managing this diversity may generate a number of co-ordination and communication problems that do not arise in domestic firms. In fruition of these difficulties, most large international companies retain the services of a major accounting firm to ensure there is no tax incentive or disincentive associated with a particular international assignment.Finally, there are more stakeholders that influence the HRM policies and practices of international firms than those of domestic firms. The major stakeholders in private organizations are the shareholders and the employees. But one could also think of union s, consumer organizations and other pressure groups. These pressure groups also exist in domestic firms, but they a lottimes put more pressure on foreign than on local companies. This probably means that international companies lease to be more risk loath and concerned with the social and political environment than domestic firms.Acquisitions and HRM Practices Evidence from Japan, the US, and EuropeIn contemporary context, international human resource management faces important challenges, and this effort characterizes many Nipponese, US and European acquisitions. From the critical point of view, Japanese companies amaze more problems associated with international human resource management than companies from the US and Europe (Shibuya, 2000). wishing of home-country personnel sufficient international management skills has been widely recognized in literature as the most difficult problem facing Japanese companies and at the same time one of the most significant of US and E uropean acquisitions as well.The statement implies that cultivating such skills is difficult and that they are comparatively rare among businessmen in any country. Japanese companies may be particularly prone to this problem due to their heavy use of home-country nationals in overseas management positions. European and Japanese acquisitions also experience the lack of home country personnel who want to work abroad, while it is less of an impediment for the US companies.In the US acquisitions expatriates often experience reentry difficulties (e.g., career disruption) when returning to the home country This problem was the one most often cited by US firms. Today Japanese corporations report the relatively lower incidence of expatriate reentry difficulties, and it is surprising given the vivid accounts of such problems at Japanese firms by White (1988) and Umezawa (1990). However, the more active role of the Japanese personnel department in coordinating career paths, the tradition of s emiannual musical-chair-like personnel shuffles (jinji idoh), and the continuing efforts of Japanese stationed overseas to maintain close contact with home plate might underlie the lower level of difficulties in this area for Japanese firms (Inohara, 2001).In contrast, the decentralized structures of many US and European firms may serve to withdraw expatriates from their home-country headquarters, making reentry more problematic. Also, recent downsizing at US and European firms may reduce the number of appropriate management positions for expatriates to return to, or may sever expatriates relationships with colleagues and mentors at headquarters. Furthermore, within the context of the lifetime employment system, individual Japanese employees have little to gain by voicing reentry concerns to personnel managers. In turn, personnel managers admit not pay a great deal of attention to reentry problems because they will usually not result in a resignation. In western firms, reentry pr oblems need to be taken more seriously by personnel managers because they frequently result in the loss of a valued employee.A further feasible explanation for the higher incidence of expatriate reentry problems in western multinationals is the greater tendency of those companies to implement a policy of transferring local nationals to headquarters or other international operations. Under such a policy, the definition of expatriate expands beyond home-country nationals to encompass local nationals who transfer outside their home countries. It may even be that local nationals who return to a local operation after working at headquarters or other international operations may have their own special varieties of reentry problems.Literature on international human resource practices in Japan, the US and Europe suggest that the major strategic hassle for the MNCs is to attract high-caliber local nationals to work for the company. In general, acquisitions may face greater challenges in hi ring high-caliber local employees than do domestic firms due to lack of name recognition and fewer relationships with educators or others who might recommend candidates.However, exploreers suggest that this issue is significantly more difficult for Japanese than for US and European multinationals. When asked to describe problems encountered in establishing their US affiliates, 39.5% of the respondents to a Japan Society scene cited finding qualified American managers to work in the affiliate and 30.8% cited hiring a qualified workforce (Bob SRI, 2001). Similarly, a survey of Japanese companies operating in the US conducted by a human resource consulting firm found that 35% felt recruiting personnel to be in truth difficult or extremely difficult, and 56% felt it to be difficult (The Wyatt Company, 1999). In addition to mentioned problem, Japanese acquisition encounter high local employee turnover, which is significantly more problematic for them due to the near-total absence of t urnover to which they are accustomed in Japan.The US, European and Japanese companies admit very rarely that they encounter local statutory challenges to their personnel policies. However, in regard to Japanese acquisitions large amount of press coverage has been given to lawsuits against Japanese companies in the United States and a Japanese Ministry of fight Survey in which 57% of the 331 respondents indicated that they were facing potential equal employment opportunity-related lawsuits in the United States (Shibuya, 2000).ConclusionThis research investigates whether corporate acquisitions with shared technological resources or participation in similar product markets realize superior economic returns in comparison with unrelated acquisitions. The rationale for superior economic performance in related acquisitions derives from the synergies that are expected through a combination of supplementary or complementary resources.It is clear from the results of this research that acqui red firms in related acquisitions have higher returns than acquired firms in unrelated acquisitions. This implies that the related acquired firm benefits more from the acquirer than the unrelated acquired firm. The higher returns for the related acquired firms suggest that the combination with the acquirers resources has higher value implications than the combination of two unrelated firms. This is supported by the higher total wealth gains which were observed in related acquisitions.I did however, in the case of acquiring firms, find that the abnormal returns directly attributable to the acquisition transaction are not significant. There are reasons to believe that the announcement pictures of the transaction on the returns to acquirers are less easily detected than for target firms. First, an acquisition by a firm affects only part of its businesses, while affecting all the assets (in control-oriented acquisitions) of the target firm. Thus the measurability of effects on acquirer s is attenuated. Second, if an acquisition is one event in a series of implicit moves constituting a diversification program, its individual effect as a market signal would be mitigated.It is also likely that the metaphysical argument which postulates that related acquisitions create wealth for acquirers may be underspecified. Relatedness is often multifaceted, suggesting that the resources of the target firm may be of value to many firms, thus increasing the relative bargaining power of the target vis-a-vis the potential buyers. notwithstanding in the absence of explicit competition for the target (multiple bidding), the premiums paid for control are a substantial fraction of the total gains available from the transaction.For managers, some implications from the research can be offered. First, it seems quite clear from the data that a firm seeking to be acquired will realize higher returns if it is sold to a related than an unrelated firm. This counsel is consistent with the view that the market recognizes synergistic combinations and values them accordingly.Second, managers in acquiring firms may be advised to scrutinize carefully the expected gains in related and unrelated acquisitions. For managers the issue of concern is not whether or not a given kind of acquisition creates a significant total amount of wealth, but what percentage of that wealth they can expect to accrue to their firms. Thus, although acquisitions involving related technologies or product market yield higher total gains, price mechanisms in the market for corporate acquisitions reflect the gains primarily on the target company. Interpreting these results conservatively, one may offer the argument that expected gains for acquiring firms are competed away in the bidding process, with stockholders of target firms obtaining high proportions of the gains.On a pragmatic level this research underscores the need to combine what may be called the theoretical with the practical. In the case of a cquisitions, pragmatic issues like implicit and explicit competition for a target firm alter the theoretical expectations of gains from an acquisition transaction. Further efforts to explain these issues theoretically and empirically will increase our understanding of these important phenomena.BibliographySharpe WF. 1964. Capital asset prices a theory of market equilibrium under conditions of risk. journal of finance 19 425-442Markowitz H. 1952. Portfolio selections. journal of Finance 7 77-91Grossman W, Hoskisson R. 1998. CEO pay at the crossroads of Wall Street and Main toward the strategic design of executive compensation. honorary society of Management Executive 12 43-57Amihud Y, Lev B. 1999. Does corporate ownership structure affect its strategy towards diversification? Strategic Management Journal 20(11) 1063-1069Agrawal A, Mandelker G. 1987. Managerial incentives and corporate investment and financing decisions. Journal of Finance 42 823-837Wright P, Ferris S, Sarin A, Awast hi V. 1996. The impact of corporate insider, blockholder, and institutional equity ownership on firm risk-taking. Academy of Management Journal 39 441-463McConnell JJ, Servaes H. 1990. Additional evidence on equity ownership and corporate value. Journal of Financial Economics 27 595-612.Shivdasani A. 1993. Board composition, ownership structure, and hostile takeovers. Journal of Accounting and Economics 16 167-198Stulz RM. 1988. Managerial control of voting rights financing policies and the market for corporate control. Journal of Financial Economics 20 25-54Varaiya N. 1987. Determinants of premiums in acquisition transactions. Managerial and Decision Economics 14 175-184Collis D, Montgomery C. 1998. Creating corporate advantage. Harvard Business Review 76(3) 71-83White, M. 1988. The Japanese overseas Can they go home again? unseasoned York The Free Press.Bob, D., SRI International. 2001. Japanese companies in American communities. New York The Japan Society.

Importance of Identity and Good vs. Evil in the Epic Story Beowulf Essay

The epic story Beowulf narrates the story of the hero named Beowulf and his legendary battle with the monster Grendel and later on, Grendels grow who longed for revenge because of the death of her beloved son (Kennedy). This epic story, along with mevery other epic stories, has central themes on the importance of individuality and the popular way out on good versus monstrous.The purpose of this paper is to discuss these two central themes of Beowulf. This paper is cut into two sections. The first section discusses the theme of importance of indistinguishability in the epic story while the second section discusses the depiction of good and evil within the story.Importance of Identity The story of Beowulf emphasizes the importance of identity (Raffel, p. 135). In the story, almost everyone introduces himself in terms of who his parents or ancestors were. Moreover, almost everyone in the story has an act or wants to act to continue the legacy of their ancestors (Anderson). This very intuitive feeling mirrors the principles of the people who lived in those times. These people believed that there is no afterlife and thus, his soul raft live forever if and except if he does something of great value that can never be surpassed or forgotten. In the story, Beowulf illustrates the pride of their ancestry by helping King Hrothgar who once aided Beowulfs father.In addition to the without end glory of the soul, these people also believed that by doing something great, he brings pride and eternity to his ancestry. This is what they c each(prenominal) the heroic code (Fellow, p. 7). They further believed that once you defy the heroic code, you provide be dishonored by your ancestors, your reputation provide be destroyed and your soul will be punished with death you will not be remembered forever and your childrens children will also inherit this dishonor.Good vs. Evil Along with many other stories, Beowulf also tackles the ever famous battle between good and evil. O ur hero Beowulf is the symbol of everything good in the story. He went to Denmark and bravely told King Hrothgar (king of Denmark at the time) that he will battle with the monster Grendel sailing with only a few men by his fount (Raffel). His bravery also led him to defeat Grendel and later on, face the monsters mother. The evil side is symbolized by Grendel, his mother, and his future brother and Beowulfs son, the dragon.When Grendel hears any kind of noise (to him any sound is considered a noise), he goes on to kill whoever makes that noise without any consideration who this person might be. Grendels mother is an avenger who killed one of Beowulfs loyal advisers to avenge the death of her son (Anderson). Beowulf, however, was not threatened by this act and comes to the monsters lair to kill her.He becomes the storys messiah he saved the lives of the people of Herot by slaying all that is evil. He embodied the good side because of his courage to fight with the dragon. He sacrific ed himself in order to save his people. Moreover, he is the bringer of more treasures to his own kingdom. Thus, good and evil in this story symbolizes the eternal battle between God and Satan and light and darkness. And as always, good triumphs over evil, God wins over Satan, and darkness will never exist in the presence of overpowering light.Works CitedAnderson, Carolyn. Gaest, gender, and kin in Beowulf Consumption of the boundaries. April 12 2008. .Fellow, W.P Ker. Epic and romance Essays on medieval literature. impudently York The Macmillan Company, 1897.Kennedy, Charles W. Beowulf The oldest English epic. London Oxford University Press, 1978.Niles, John D. Understanding Beowulf Oral poetry acts. Journal of American Folklore 106.420 (1993) 131-55.Raffel, Burton, ed. Beowulf. Reprint ed Signet Classics, 1999.

Importance of English Essay

In today orbicular world, English is already became the most common communication tool used among foreign language speakers and more(prenominal) than two billion people all over the world speak English. There argon so many advantages to be an English speaker and reasons to learn English. It is so important for a job quester to be able to communicate well in English. This is due to the fact of increasing amounts of worldwide short letter are being conducted in English, in job much(prenominal) as sales, marketing and customer service. normally a job interview is conducted by English and the first impression a job searcher beetle should give in order to get a job is to answer in English fluently. In contrast, chances to getting a job are very tiny if you shutter when interviewing.Moreover, good command in English will also has a great help in the job especially for those companies are actively involved in international trade. It can help the employees to have a good writ of exec ution in their job and more easily to get a promotional opportunity . There are several rooms to improve English skills. First of all is read anything and everything in English such as story books, newspapers, magazines, etc. Watch English movies with subtitles is another ways to learn English fun. This is the way to learn new words and known how to pronounce them at the same time.Next, buy a dictionary and keep it all the time with you. Lastly, try to communicate in English with friends and family and sing along to English. fatiguet be shy to make mistake, it was another ways to learn from mistake. In the nut shell, a good knowledge in English belongs to the most important requirements in many professions. A individual that speaks English would have a better chance of finding a good job a. lets start to improve our English language skills from today onwards

Ob Robinssolutionchap2

Chapter 2 Foundations of Individual port five-fold CHOICE major power 1. Which of the quest statements is true(p) about the term capability, as it is hearty functiond in the field of organizational appearance? a. It refers to an virtuosos ordainness to come various tasks. b. It is a current perspicacity of what an individual(a) keep do. c. It refers exclusively to intellectual skills. d. It refers exclusively to somatogenic skills. e. It is a prediction of future cleverness based on current attitudes. (b yield Ability p. 45) 2. Which one of the following words is the best equivalent word for ability, as the term is apply in organizational expression? . motivation b. capacity c. hump d. intellect e. wisdom (b thought-provoking Ability p. 45) AACSB uninflected Skills 3. Which of the following is non a dimension of intellectual ability? a. number aptitude b. perceptual speed c. spatial visualization d. dynamic flexibility e. favorable aptitude (d normalize I ntellectual Ability p. 45) AACSB analytical Skills 4. What is a factor of lore that suggests that it makes sense to maunder about boilers suit intelligence? a. general mental ability b. intelligent quotient c. ability d. cultural intelligence e. perceptual speed (a cushion General handstal Ability p. 6) 5. Which of the following is non one of the nine-spot basic abilities involved in the execution of instrument of personal tasks? a. stamina b. dynamic flexibility c. speed d. soundbox coordination e. trunk strength (c bear Nine grassroots material Abilities p. 47) AACSB analytic Skills biographical Characteristics 6. Which of the following is non a biographic characteristic? a. political affiliation b. time c. sex d. tenure e. race (a belatedly Biographical Characteristics p. 48) AACSB uninflected Skills 7. What go forth be the largest demographic interpolate in the U. S. scatforce in the following(a) decade? a. ncreasing ethnical diversity b. a fall in marri ed doers c. increasing age of builders d. fall tenure of workers e. much women in the workforce than men (c check jump on p. 48) AACSB multicultural and Diversity 8. enquiry shows that which of the following is believably to lessen as a worker grows senior(a)? a. productivity b. likelihood of quitting c. absenteeism d. pass days taken e. work ethic (b chequer Age p. 49) AACSB multicultural and Diversity 9. Which of the following statements is true? a. erstwhile(a) employees suck in cast down judge of avoidable absence seizure than jr. workers. b.Older employees seduce lower rates of undeniable absence than younger workers. c. Older employees are more seeming to quit their theorize than younger workers. d. Older employees are perceived to be more flexible than younger workers. e. Older employees mainly lay down lower productivity than younger workers. (a have got, Age p. 49) AACSB multicultural and Diversity 10. Which of the following is true concerning the ki ndred in the midst of age and job cheer? a. Most studies have found a oppose association amid age and blessedness. b. Some studies have found a U- manikind relationship amidst age and satisfaction. . Satisfaction decreases among professionals as they age. d. Satisfaction increases among nonprofessionals during diaphragm age. e. Satisfaction decreases among nonprofessionals after middle age. (b defy Age p. 49) AACSB multicultural and Diversity 11. seek does not support which of the following statements about gender in the workplace? a. Women are more leave behinding to conform to authority than men. b. Men are more aggressive than women. c. Women are more productive at work than men. d. Men have higher(prenominal) expectations of success. e. Women have lower turnover rates than men. c stylisherate sexual urge p. 50) AACSB multicultural and Diversity 12. Research supports which of the following statements about men and women in the workplace? a. Men are more productive. b. Women are more productive. c. Men are the most receptive to cordialization. d. Women are more likely to resign. e. Women have more absences. (e bind Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 13. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the higher absentee rate of women in the workplace? a. Women tend to have more illnesses that keep them from work than do men. . Traditionally, women have had the responsibility of caring for home and family. c. Women tend to be slight satisfied with their jobs than men. d. Women generally have jobs for which a temporary replacement tail be hired. e. Women tend to work in jobs that have less flexible schedules than men do. (b conquer Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 14. Which of the following is a major(ip) problem in the use of ability tests for selection and promotion of soulnel? a. The tests are not reliable. b. The tests founder to take into account the personality of the individual. c.Some individuals with high intelligence are low-down test takers. d. Women enjoy an unsporting advantage on these tests. e. The tests may have an adverse impact on different racial and ethnic groups. (e view as Race p. 51) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 15. Which of the following statements concerning tenure is not true? a. Recent tell demonstrates a overconfident relationship between seniority and job productivity. b. Tenure does not appear to be a good predictor of employee productivity. c. Tenure is a potent versatile in explaining turnover. d. Tenure and satisfaction are positively related. . Tenure and organizational investment are blackballly related. (b conduce Tenure p. 52) AACSB Analytic Skills 16. Studies indicate that which of the following tends to decrease with increased tenure? a. job satisfaction b. productivity c. absenteeism d. raises and promotion e. energy (c advancederate Tenure p. 52) 17. Perhaps the greatest religious issue revolves around what? a. Christianity b. Judaism c. Catholicism d. Buddhism e. Islam (e incorporate worship p. 53) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 18. What Fortune 500 company offers domestic partner benefits for gay couples? . Wal-Mart b. Alltel c. Rubbermaid d. Nestle e. Heintz (a reserve Sexual Orientation p. 53) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity encyclopedism 19. Which of the following indicates that holding has taken place? a. the ability to perform easily on exams b. a change in motivation c. a change in demeanor d. a high I. Q. score e. an increase in jazz (c blowsy Learning p. 54) 20. Learning has not taken place in which of the following cases? a. A farm worker makes sure that she forever and a day wears a hat after she was badly sunburned. b. A salesman watches a training video and then uses somewhat f the techniques in that video. c. An athlete trains rigorously, until he can run a mile in less than 4 minutes. d. A warehouseman avoids working by staying in areas of the warehouse where he has obser ved that the oldtimer does not enter. e. A passenger car only completes an important project by working by means of the night. (e Moderate Learning p. 54) AACSB Analytic Skills 21. All of the following are true about learning except that it _____. a. involves change b. can have a very short duration c. requires a change in way d. requires some form of experience e. affects aptitude b Moderate Learning p. 54) AACSB Analytic Skills 22. A get rid of starts salutation her customers with a wide-eyed Hello rather than following the company policy of greeting them with the archetype greeting Thank you for shopping with us, since she find saying the latter slightly embarrassing. In this case, what is the experience that has led to learning? a. the feeling of embarrassment when she uses the standard company greeting b. the direction of the company to use the standard greeting c. the decision not to use the company greeting d. her use of the informal greeting of Hello . the decision of the company to adopt the standard greeting (a Moderate Learning p. 54) AACSB Analytic Skills 23. Experiments performed by Ivan Pavlov led to what possibleness? a. clear t to each one b. operative conditioning c. social learning d. method counterpart e. fashion fictile (a Moderate unpolluted Conditioning p. 55) 24. What role did the meat play in Pavlovs experiment with dogs? a. an nescient reply b. a conditioned remark c. a conditioned result d. a reconditioned stimulus e. an limitless stimulus (e Moderate virtuous Conditioning p. 5) AACSB Analytic Skills 25. continent conditioning would work out which of the following as most likely to be a conditioned response? a. wincing when you stub your walk b. driving on the right side of the road c. flinching when startled by a loud dissonance d. looking for shelter when the sky turns gray e. mouth watering when you eat delicious food (d Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 55) AACSB Analytic Skills 26. In Pavlovs experime nt, the bell was a/an _____. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response e. none of the above c Easy Classical Conditioning p. 55) AACSB Analytic Skills 27. Which of the following is not true of mere conditioning? a. Classical conditioning is passive. b. Classical conditioning can explain simple reflexive demeanours. c. Learning a conditioned response involves construct an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. d. A neutral stimulus takes on the properties of a conditioned stimulus. e. Classical conditioning is different in some respects from operant conditioning. (d Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 55) AACSB Analytic Skills 28.When Joe gets stressed he often drinks chamomile tea leaf. This calms him since he associates chamomile tea drinking with happy visits with his grandm separate in his childhood. The calm feeling brought on by the tea is an illustration of which of the following? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. afferent learning d. social learning e. do (a Easy Classical Conditioning p. 55) AACSB Analytic Skills 29. Why does classical conditioning theory fail to adequately describe behavior in the workplace? a. Most behavior of individuals in the workplace is reflexive rather than unpaid worker. b.Most behavior of individuals in the workplace is emitted rather than elicited. c. Most behavior of individuals in the workplace is complex. d. It is very tall(prenominal) to determine scarce which conditioned stimulus elicits which response in the workplace. e. Classical conditioning works healthful describing animal behavior but not serviceman behavior. (b repugn Classical Conditioning p. 56) AACSB Analytic Skills 30. operant conditioning argues that _____. a. behavior is reflexive b. behavior is unlearned c. behavior is a function of its consequences d. the tendency to repetition a behavior is very strong e. he tendency to excerpt a behavior is instinctual (c Moderate operant Conditioning p. 56) 31. Which of the following researchers thought that keep was the central factor involved in behavioral change? a. Pavlov b. Fayol c. Skinner d. Deming e. Surber (c Moderate Operant Conditioning p. 56) 32. Stella has been late to work often in the past. Stellas animal trainer tries to change Stellas behavior by praising her whenever she is on time. However, Stella realizes that this is what he is doing and resents his attempts to manipulate her behavior. This is an typeface of what problem with behaviorism and OB Mod? . Behaviorism and OB Mod assume that peoples thoughts and feelings in response to their environment are irrelevant. b. Behaviorism and OB Mod put undue focus on cognitive processes. c. Behaviorism and OB Mod only have an effect on human subjects when those subjects are unaware that these techniques are being employ. d. The best advantage to use and the schedule on which it should be used varies wid ely between individual subjects. e. Behaviorism and OB Mod are based upon simple exemplars of stimulus and response that may not hold true in a complex, real orbit environment. a intriguing Operant Conditioning p. 56) AACSB Analytic Skills 33. Your boss does not follow through on her promise to pass on you double for overtime hours worked. When asked again to work overtime, you decline. This is an application of _____ conditioning. a. classical b. operant c. sensory d. association e. disappointment-weighted (b Challenging Operant Conditioning p. 56) AACSB Analytic Skills 34. According to operant conditioning, when a behavior is not reinforced, what happens to the probability of that behavior occurring again? a. It increases. b. It declines. c. It remains unchanged. . It becomes zero. e. It may increase or decrease based on other factors. (b Easy Operant Conditioning p. 56) AACSB Analytic Skills 35. What do we call the view that we can learn both through observation and direct ex perience? a. daubal learning theory b. classical learning c. social learning theory d. hands-on learning experience e. the Pavlov principle (c Easy accessible Learning p. 57) 36. friendly learning theory is an extension of _____. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. shaping d. Pavlovian theory e. continual sustenance principles (b Moderate amicable Learning p. 7) 37. Isadora observes that when her brother Mikey crosses the street without looking he is punish by their parents. Based on this, she is careful to look before she crosses the street. Isadora has learned through what principle? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. shaping d. experimental liquidation e. social learning theory (e Challenging Social Learning p. 57) AACSB Analytic Skills 38. Social learning theory would best describe the learning in what situation? a. An employee works through lunch several days in a row after being told by her boss that she volition receive extra pay. b .A man learns how to perform yoga by watching a videotape of a yoga teacher. c. A child always addresses his grandmother politely after he is accustomed candy as a requite for his good manners. d. A man stops wearing brightly colored shirts to work after being teased for doing so by his co-workers. e. A postal workers pulse rate rises whenever she approaches a house where she has been bitten by a dog before. (b Challenging Social Learning p. 57) AACSB Analytic Skills 39. Four processes have been found to determine the influence that a model will have on an individual. Which of the following is not one of those processes? . attentional processes b. retention processes c. motor reverberation processes d. reinforcement processes e. consequential processes (e Moderate Social Learning pp. 57-58) AACSB Analytic Skills 40. Which of the following processes deals with how well an individual remembers a models action after it is no yearner readily available? a. attitudinal b. retention c. motor reproduction d. reinforcement e. attention (b Easy Social Learning p. 57) AACSB Analytic Skills 41. What do we call the practice of reinforcing nigher and closer approximations of a wantd behavior? a. modeling b. haping c. classical conditioning d. social learning e. aping (b Moderate geological formation p. 58) 42. You want to increase the productivity of an employee. Your goal is to have him produce 10 units per day. On the start day he produces 5 units and you give back him a avenge. On the second day he produces 5 units and you dont give him a honor. On the third day he produces 6 units and you give him a reward. Which method of behavioral change are you using? a. modeling b. shaping c. classical conditioning d. social learning e. ego impairment (b Challenging establishment p. 58) AACSB Analytic Skills 43.Using shaping, which of the following is not a method that can be used to change behavior? a. negative reinforcement b. punishment c. talk over d. positive reinf orcement e. extinction (c Easy organisation pp. 58-59) AACSB Analytic Skills 44. Which of the following can be used in shaping behavior? a. positive reinforcement b. diminishment c. reaction d. manipulation e. unionization (a Easy Shaping p. 58) AACSB Analytic Skills 45. What is it called when a desired response is followed by the termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant? a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. anipulation d. elimination e. psychic withdrawal (a Moderate Negative reinforcer p. 58) 46. Suspending an employee for ambidextrous behavior is an example of which method of shaping behavior? a. extinction b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. poor planning e. reaction (c Moderate Punishment p. 59) 47. Which of the following is an example of the use of extinction in shaping behavior? a. A teacher does not oppose to any student who speaks before being called upon. b. A workplace institutes a zero-tolerance policy for drug and alcohol use. c. A manager docks the pay of all workers who dumbfound late. . A cat owner sprays his cat with water every time it tries to sit on the couch. e. A soccer coach rewards his players with approval and small rewards if they pr so fart the other team from scoring. (a Moderate Extinction p. 59) AACSB Analytic Skills 48. Which of the following statements about positive and negative reinforcement is not true? a. They both result in learning. b. They both strengthen a response and increase the probability of repetition. c. They tend to weaken behavior and decrease its subsequent frequency. d. They are efficient shaping tools. e. They are often used in learning. c Challenging Methods of Shaping Behavior p. 59) 49. An employee is frequently late for work. Every time he is not tardy the manager compliments him for being on time. What form of reinforcement is the manager using? a. continuous schedule b. negative c. intermittent schedule d. repetitious e. repetitious negative (a Moderate Continuo us Reinforcement p. 59) AACSB Analytic Skills 50. The merged audit staff makes a series of randomly timed, unannounced visits to a company office. On each visit they check the records to see that they are up to date and correct. These visits are an example of which of the ollowing? a. positive reinforcement b. inconstant- time interval reinforcement schedule c. continuous reinforcement schedule d. fixed reinforcement schedule e. static response method (b Moderate intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills 51. In which reinforcement schedule is a reward provided after a given number of responses? a. variable-ratio b. fixed-ratio c. variable-interval d. fixed-interval e. viable (b Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) 52. According to research, which of the following is a schedule of reinforcement that promotes the greatest resistance to extinction? a. continuous b. ixed interval c. variable interval d. fixed ratio e. negative (c Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) 53. In general, _____ reinforcement schedules tend to turn over to higher slaying than _____ reinforcement schedules. a. variable fixed b. fixed intermittent c. fixed variable d. variable ratio e. fixed static (a Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills 54. The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting is referred to as _____. a. classical conditioning b. self- care c. reengineering d. OB Mod e. social modeling (d Moderate OB Mod p. 2) 55. Which of the following is one of the whole tones of the problem-solving model followed by the typical OB Mod program? a. hearing critical behaviors b. reinforcing behavior c. unfolding horizontally range data d. developing vertically arrayed data e. identifying member barriers (a Moderate OB Mod steps p. 62) 56. A manager wishes to use OB Mod in order to increase the friendliness of his staff towards customers. The manager starts by determining exactly what behaviors his sales s taff needs to use in order to increase their friendliness towards customers. What is the close step that the manager should take? . determine why employees are not friendly towards customers b. develop a system for increasing the friendliness of employees towards customers c. reward employees who are friendly towards customers d. record how often employees are friendly to customers at the present time e. establish what is undeniable to motivate employee friendliness towards customers (d Moderate OB Mod Steps p. 62) AACSB Analytic Skills Summary and Implications for Managers 57. Who said Give me a child at birth and I can make him into anything you want? a. B. F. Skinner b. Ivan Pavlov c. Sigmund Freud d.James Emery e. Ben Franklin (a Moderate Shaping Behavior p. 66) TRUE/FALSE Ability 58. Everyone has strengths and weaknesses in terms of ability that make them relatively superior or inferior to others in performing authentic tasks or activities. ( lawful Easy Ability p. 45) 59. Ability is the assessment of what one will do. (False Easy Ability p. 45) 60. An individuals overall abilities are essentially made up of three sets of factors thinking, reasoning, and problem solving. (False Moderate Ability p. 45) 61. A high I. Q. is a good prerequisite for all jobs. (False Easy Intelligent Quotient p. 45) 62.It is illegal in the U. S. for employers to use I. Q. tests for employment selection. (False Moderate Intelligent Quotient p. 45) 63. Stamina, dexterity, and strength are dimensions of physical ability. (True Easy Nine Basic Physical Abilities p. 47) AACSB Analytic Skills 64. Individuals who have a high score on one dimension of physical ability will usually score high on all other dimensions. (False Moderate Physical Abilities p. 47) Biographical Characteristics 65. Biographical data is easier to acquire than information on employee motivation levels. (True Easy Biographical Characteristics p. 48) 66.Collecting biographical data is typically a very difficul t task in organizations. (False Easy Biographical Characteristics p. 48) 67. own(prenominal) characteristics that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records (such as age, sex, and marital status) are called biographical characteristics. (True Easy Biographical Characteristics p. 48) 68. A persons age is an example of a biographical characteristic. (True Easy Biographical Characteristics p. 48) 69. The relationship between age and job performance is likely to be an issue of increasing importance during the next decade. (True Moderate Age p. 8) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 70. Recent American legislation makes it easier for a company to oblige mandatory retirement. (False Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 71. Mandatory retirement has become an increasingly disused phenomenon in organizations. (True Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 72. Age and turnover rates are direct related. (True Moderate Age p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 73. Age and avoidable absences are negatively related. (True Moderate Age p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 74. Workers productivity tends to decline with age. False Moderate Age p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 75. Age and job satisfaction are related for professional workers. (True Moderate Age p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 76. In general, woman and men desire the same work schedules. (False Moderate Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 77. There is no significant difference between the absenteeism rates of men and women. (False Easy Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 78. In employment settings, individuals tend to favor colleagues of their own race in performance evaluations, promotion decisions, and pay raises. True Easy Race p. 51) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 79. Mental ability tests used for selection, promotion, training, and similar personnel decisions may have a negative impact on racial and ethnic group s. (True Challenging Race p. 51) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 80. People who have been on a job longer are more productive than those with less seniority. (True Moderate Tenure p. 52) 81. Tenure is negatively related to absenteeism. (True Moderate Tenure p. 52) 82. Tenure is negatively related to turnover. (True Moderate Tenure p. 52) 83.Tenure and satisfaction are negatively related. (False Moderate Tenure p. 52) Learning 84. Learning has occurred when in that location is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. (True Easy Learning p. 54) 85. One can easily observe others learning. (False Easy Learning p. 54) 86. Classical conditioning grew out of the work of B. F. Skinner. (False Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 55) 87. In Ivan Pavlovs study, dogs salivated in response to a ringing bell. (True Easy Classical Conditioning p. 55) 88. The meat in Pavlovs experiment was an unconditioned stimulus. True Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 5 5) 89. Learning a conditioned response involves building up an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. (True Challenging Classical Conditioning p. 55) 90. To explain why Christmas carols often bring back pleasant memories of childhood, you would use operant conditioning. (False Challenging Classical Conditioning p. 55) 91. Classical conditioning is passive. (True Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 56) 92. Classical conditioning can explain simple reflexive behaviors. (True Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 6) 93. Operant behavior means self-imposed or learned behavior in contrast to reflexive or unlearned behavior. (True Moderate Operant Conditioning p. 56) 94. What Pavlov did for operant conditioning, Skinner did for classical conditioning. (False Challenging Learning Theories p. 56) 95. Rewards are most effective if they are delayed following the desired response. (False Moderate Operant Conditioning p. 56) 96. Your supervisor has explained that he will reward those who take extra effort to see that their jobs are done well. This tactic follows from research into operant conditioning. True Easy Operant Conditioning p. 56) 97. Learning through both observation and direct experience is called operant conditioning. (False Easy Social Learning p. 57) 98. Older workers are not as capable of learning as younger employees. (False Moderate Age and Learning p. 58) 99. Trainability is a measure of a persons willingness to learn. (False Moderate Trainability p. 58) one hundred. Reduced motivation has been found to significantly influence learning and training outcomes. (True Moderate Learning p. 58) 101. Shaping occurs when we mold individuals by using intensive training to change their behavior quickly. False Easy Shaping p. 58) 102. One method of shaping behavior is called positive reinforcement and occurs when a desired response is followed with something pleasant. (True Moderate Positive Reinforcement p. 58) 103. Eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a behavior is called punishment. (False Moderate Extinction p. 59) 104. Both positive and negative reinforcement result in learning. (True Easy Methods of Shaping Behavior p. 59) 105. Both punishment and extinction weaken behavior and tend to decrease its subsequent frequency. (True Moderate Methods of Shaping Behavior p. 59) 06. A continuous reinforcement schedule reinforces the desired behavior each time it is demonstrated. (True Easy Continuous Reinforcement p. 59) 107. A piece-rate incentive plan is an example of a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement. (False Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) 108. Salespeople on counseling are examples of individuals on a variable-ratio schedule. (True Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) 109. In the typical OB Mod program, everything an employee does on his or her job is equally important in terms of performance outcomes. (False Moderate OB Mod p. 62) 110.The first step in OB Mod is to iden tify critical behaviors impacting the employees performance. (True Moderate OB Mod Steps p. 62) 111. Our knowledge about learning suggests that punishment is a more effective tool in OB mod than reinforcement. (False Moderate OB Mod and Reinforcement possibleness p. 63) SCENARIO-BASED QUESTIONS operation of Biographical Characteristics You work in the air filter manufacturing business. Your division is made up of three other people with very different biographical characteristics. Gina is 27 years old, single and female person. She has been with the company only half-dozen months.Jonathan is 63 years old and a widower who has been with the company for thirty years. fling is a single mother with four children who has been with the company for five years. 112. Based on the information given, which employee would be least likely to quit his or her job? a. all these employees would have about the same likelihood of quitting b. Gina c. Jonathan d. Sally e. Gina and Sally (c Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 113. Based on the information given, which employee would you expect to have the lowest rate of avoidable absence? a. ll these employees would have about the same rate of avoidable absence b. Sally c. Gina d. Jonathan e. Gina and Sally would probably have equally low rates (d Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 114. Based on the information given, which employee would you expect to most desire the option to telecommute or arrange a more flexible work schedule? a. all these employees would have the same desire for these options b. Jonathan c. Sally d. Gina e. Gina and Sally (c Moderate Gender p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic SkillsApplication of Learning TheoryShaping Behavior You are the first-line supervisor for a group of employees who make cheese slicers. Their job is not terribly interesting or challenging and you have noticed that they are frequently tardy travel from their breaks. You have studied the concept of shaping behavior and decide that you will try to apply it to this situation. 115. You praise Allen for returning on time from break. This is an example of _____. a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. extinction d. social learning e. modeling (b Moderate Positive Reinforcement p. 8) AACSB Analytic Skills 116. You want Allison to take an accounting telephone line so that she can admirer with the bookkeeping. Allison does not want to go to night school to take the origin and has been resisting. You know that her least favorite duty is preparing payroll. You tell her that she will be given extra help with preparing payroll whenever she takes an accounting class. This is an example of _____. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. extinction e. classical conditioning (b Challenging Negative Reinforcement p. 58) AACSB Analytic Skills 117.Sam is late coming back to work and yo u dock his pay. This is an example of _____. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. extinction e. classical conditioning (c Moderate Punishment p. 59) AACSB Analytic Skills Application of Different Schedules of Reinforcement You have opinionated to experiment with the relationship between reinforcement schedules and maintaining desired employee behavior. You are interested in observing the differences between continuous and intermittent reinforcement and between the various types of intermittent reinforcement schedules. 118.Veronica is paid $10. 00 per dozen units that she produces. This is an example of _____ reinforcement. a. intermittent, fixed-interval b. continuous c. intermittent, variable-interval d. negative e. none of the above (a Challenging Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills 119. Gerald is a staff accountant who is visited several quantify a year by the corporate auditor. These visits are unannounced. This is an example of _____reinforcement. a. intermittent, fixed-interval b. continuous c. intermittent, variable-interval d. negative e. reactive (c Challenging Intermittent Reinforcement p. 0) AACSB Analytic Skills 120. Johns attendance has historically been unreliable and you have decided to use reinforcement and compliment him when his attendance record shows improvement. The most effective schedule of reinforcement will probably be _____. a. variable-interval intermittent b. fixed-interval intermittent c. continuous d. punishment-based e. shaped (a Challenging Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills 121. You know that the reinforcement schedule that your firm chooses for compensation will have an impact on the behavior of employees.Which of the following is not likely based on available research? a. Continuous reinforcement schedules will lead to early satiation. b. Continuous reinforcement schedules are appropriate for newly emitted, unstable, or low-frequency responses. c. Vari able schedules do not clearly link performance and rewards. d. Fixed schedules will lead to higher performance than variable schedules. e. Variable schedules will be highly effective. (d Challenging Reinforcement Schedules and Behavior p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills Application of Behavior Modification Your manager has read about the now-classic study of Emerys use of OB Mod.He was impressed by the savings to the company of $2 million over a three-year period. He has announced that he is implementing an OB Mod program at your organization. 122. You can expect to see the application of which of the following in the work setting? a. reinforcement concepts to individuals b. open book management c. additional stock option plans d. analysis of biographical characteristics e. higher health care benefits (a Easy OB Mod p. 62) AACSB Analytic Skills 123. What is the first step that your manager is likely to take? a. identify behavioral consequences b. identify critical behaviors c. evaluate pe rformance improvement . develop baseline data e. none of the above (b Challenging OB Mod Steps p. 62) AACSB Analytic Skills 124. In the first step of the OB Mod program, your manager will most likely be attempting to identify those five to ten percent of behaviors that may account for up to _____ percent of each employees performance. a. 20-25 b. 40-50 c. 60-70 d. 70-80 e. 100 (d Challenging OB Mod Steps p. 62) SHORT DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 125. Why is the relationship between age and job performance likely to be an issue of increasing importance during the next decade? First, there is a widespread belief that job performance declines with increasing age.Regardless of whether its true or not, many people believe it and act on it. Second is the reality that the workforce is aging. Workers age 55 and older are currently the fastest-growing sector of the labor force. The third reason is that U. S. legislation, for all intents and purposes, outlaws mandatory retirement. (Easy Age p. 49) AA CSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 126. Has research indicated the existence of gender differences in job productivity? Explain. There is scant(p) evidence indicating that an employees gender affects his or her job productivity.In this area of study the similarities between male and female workers seems to far outweigh the very minor differences (for example, in the area of absenteeism) that have been found in some studies. (Easy Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 127. What is learning? Learning is defined as any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. (Easy Learning p. 54) 128. How can managers shape employee behavior? Managers can shape employee behavior by systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves the individual closer to the desired response.Managers can mold individuals by guiding their learning in graduated steps. Reinforcement increases as responses more closely appr oximate the desired behavior. Managers may use positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction to promote this gradual shaping of employee behavior. (Easy Shaping p. 58) AACSB Analytic Skills 129. Give an example of a fixed-ratio schedule for pay employees and an example of a variable-ratio schedule for payment. In a fixed-ratio schedule, rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses.For example, a worker is rewarded with a piece rate system paying $10 for every 12 widgets produced. Each dozen earns the worker another $10. A variable-ratio schedule provides variable reward relative to the behavior of the individual. For example, a car salesman on commission is on a variable-ratio schedule. Each latent customer does not necessarily result in a sale and thus a commission. (Easy Intermittent Reinforcement pp. 59-60) AACSB Analytic Skills MEDIUM LENGTH DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 130. What is ability? What are the two sets of factors comprisin g a persons ability level?Ability refers to an individuals capacity to perform the various tasks in a given job. It is a current assessment of what one can do. An individuals overall abilities are essentially made up of two sets of factors intellectual and physical abilities. 1) Intellectual abilities are those needed to perform mental activities. 2) Physical abilities are important for successfully performing jobs that are more standardised which require manual labor. (Easy Ability p. 45-47) AACSB Analytic Skills 131. What is the relationship between age and the organizational issues of productivity, turnover and satisfaction?This is a somewhat complex set of relationships. The older you get, the less likely you are to quit your job. Older workers are less likely to resign than are younger workers because their long tenure tends to provide them with higher wage rates, longer paid vacations, and more attractive pension benefits. In general, older employees have lower rates of avoid able absence than do younger employees. However, they also have higher rates of unavoidable absence, probably due to the poorer heath associated with aging and the longer recovery that older workers need when injured.The demands of most jobs, even those with heavy manual labor requirements, are not extreme enough for any declines in physical skills due to age to have an impact on productivity or if there is some annihilation due to age, it is offset by gains due to experience. The evidence is mixed when examining the relationship between age and job satisfaction, however. Most studies indicate a positive association between age and satisfaction, at least up to age 60. Other studies, however, have found a U-shaped relationship.Satisfaction tends to continually increase among professionals as they age, whereas it falls among nonprofessionals during middle age and then rises again in the later years. (Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 132. ma ke and briefly describe the five steps of a typical OB Mod program. The typical OB Mod program follows a five-step problem-solving model identifying critical behaviors, developing baseline data, identifying behavioral consequences, developing and implementing an interposition strategy, and evaluating performance improvement. ) The first step is to identify the critical behaviors that make a significant impact on the employees job performance. 2) The second step requires the manager to develop some baseline performance data. This is obtained by determining the number of times the identified behavior is occurring under present conditions. 3) The third step is to perform a functional analysis to identify the behavioral contingencies or consequences of performance. This tells the manager the antecedent cues that emit the behavior and the consequences that are currently maintaining it. ) In the fourth step, the manager develops and implements an intervention strategy to strengthen desira ble performance behaviors and weaken undesirable behaviors. 5) The final step is to evaluate performance improvement. (Moderate OB Mod Steps p. 62) AACSB Analytic Skills COMPREHENSIVE ESSAYS 133. How do we learn? Identify and discuss the theories to explain the process by which we acquire patterns of behavior. Be sure to specifically identify the key elements of each of these theories by name. Classical conditioning was discovered by Pavlov.Learning a conditioned response involves building up an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus in order to invoke the performance of a conditioned response, which was formerly an unconditioned response. When the stimuli, one compelling and the other one neutral, are paired, the neutral one becomes a conditioned stimulus and, hence, takes on the properties of the unconditioned stimulus and leads to the performance of a conditioned response (which is the same response as the original unconditioned response).Skinner , who discovered operant conditioning, argues that behavior is a function of its consequences. People learn to stomach to get something they want or to avoid something they dont want. Operant behavior means voluntary or learned behavior in contrast to reflexive or unlearned behavior. The tendency to repeat such behavior is influenced by the reinforcement or lack of reinforcement brought about by the consequences of the behavior and can be manipulated through positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, shaping, and extinction.Social learning is the theory that we can learn through both observation and direct experience. Social learning theory is an extension of operant conditioning it assumes that behavior is a function of consequences it also acknowledges the existence of observational learning and the importance of perception to learning. People respond to how they perceive and define consequences, not to the objective consequences themselves. (Challenging Learnin g Theories pp. 54 to 57) AACSB Analytic Skills 34. Discuss the four processes management should include when creating employee training programs. The likelihood that training programs will be successful can be amend with the inclusion of attentional, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement processes. People learn from a model only when they recognize and pay attention to its critical features. We tend to be most influenced by models that are attractive, repeatedly available, important to us, or similar to us in our estimation.A models influence will depend on how well the individual remembers the models action after the model is no longer readily available. after a person has seen a new behavior by observing the model, the watching must be converted to doing. This motor reproduction process demonstrates that the individuals can perform the modeled activities. Individuals will be make to exhibit the modeled behavior if positive incentives or rewards are provided. (Moderate Social Learning pp. 57-58) AACSB Analytic Skills