Writing for life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing for life - Essay Example It turns out that I am the kind of person who is able to make something bad. And the fact that I have this potential makes me feel uncomfortable. So I decided to work with myself to make sure that if one day I find myself in situation of a harsh choice, I will not make a wrong decision. The point is that we always judge others. We believe that we know what is good and bad and we give ourselves this right to judge others. But in fact, considering every single situation deeply and putting ourselves in somebody’s place we may find that we would act the same way. And still we keep judging. But if we know how to act properly to be good, why often we don’t do it? I want to believe that people can be changed; moreover, I think people can change themselves. Because frequently it happens that something really bad changes person’s way of thinking, and she or he decides to make some personal changes. Does it mean that some sad event is the only way to start your personal changes? I think it’s not. Noticing some bad part in my personality makes me think of changing it into a good one, so I make decision to work on my personal qualities. Obviously working on my personality is hard for me, because I almost struggle with myself. This struggle is the mo st difficult thing in the world, because your personality is the only thing you can’t hide from. But when I think of results I’ll receive lately I feel that these difficult attempts of mine on the way to my virtue are worth being made. I hope sooner or later more and more people will come to the same conclusions as I have. This understanding of the truth that everything in my will and I’m responsible for my personality and only I can change it – it is definitely something inspiring. I wish you to experience the same, my dear

Siddhartha Definition Essay Example for Free

Siddhartha Definition Essay Siddhartha, in the awakening, learns that the life of pleasure isn’t always the best life. In fact the life of pleasure can always bring you pain and sometimes more suffering. Siddhartha had to learn that the hard way because he felt disgusted in himself of what he had become. Just as Siddhartha was about to suicide he heard a voice. He heard the ancient holy word â€Å"Om†. Just from that word his whole life changed. Siddhartha also learned that there was more to the world then having pleasure and goods and that that the world was a beautiful piece of work. Siddhartha learned from the river who he really was and that he shouldn’t just give up because of a mistake, Siddhartha learned that he has to learn from it and take his mistake as an experience. The only way to succeed in life is to have experiences and learn from your mistakes. Although Siddhartha learned something from the river, he still needs to learn more and he does as he meets the ferry man. Siddhartha learned to love the river and treat the river with respect. The river saved him from his death and Siddhartha shall be with the river at all times. The river taught him how to become patient again and helped him awaken from his bad period of time. The river was also Siddhartha’s turning point in because Siddhartha was about to give up and just throw away his goal but he realized his mistake and became a new Siddhartha. The river was a similar to a teacher, it taught Siddhartha more and more about the world so much that his knowledge on the world expanded even more. Siddhartha took things more serious because everything the river taught him, he didn’t judge like his old teachers, he listened and trust the river’s knowledge. Siddhartha taught me a lot of new knowledge and wisdom. Although all the chapters taught me something, the one that taught me the most was the awakening. The Awakening taught me that making a mistake is one thing, but learning from it is another thing and that it is the key to success in life. How I learned this is that Siddhartha had to do all those things to reach Nirvana. Siddhartha also taught me that listening and patience can help you in life because if u can’t listen or be patient, then you won’t get anywhere in life. This novel taught me that you can’t learn anything, if you haven’t tried it out. Meaning if you want become good at a game, you have to try it out. Although the life of pleasure is beneficial, it’s not always the best idea because it  can bring you much pain and suffering because once you lose it, you won’t be able to get it back and that you have to learn how to live without it. When Siddhartha was about to give up and die, but learned from his mistake, it inspired me because it taught me that I shouldn’t give up without a fight. Meaning that even if times are worst, I shouldn’t give up without trying because I would never know the result if I did tried. It also inspired me because it means that I should try harder and harder in school and become successful when I grow up. Another chapter that taught me something is â€Å"The Son†. It taught me that I should act like a spoil little brat and shouldn’t disrespect my parents, because my parents have to go through a lot to keep me who I am and how I live today. Siddhartha reminds me of my dad, although he yells and put me down, he does it because he loves me and wants me to become successful. If my dad didn’t do all those things, I would become another Siddhartha Jr. but worst. This novel inspired me to read more and more novels like this, because there are always morals and lessons that are being taught throughout the story. I hope we read more novels like Siddhartha because it keeps me thinking and it keeps motivated to try harder in life and school.

Consent Of An Intoxicated Victim Rape Law Essay

Consent Of An Intoxicated Victim Rape Law Essay Provisions of the sexual offences 2003 act In times gone by, the offence of rape was defined as the carnal knowledge of a woman forcibly and against her will.1 The offence was initially silent on the issue of mens rea and it was not until DPP v Morgan2 that its inclusion and the effect that this had on mistakes about consent was established. The House of Lords held that a trust in consent, even if irrational, would go against mens rea provided that the trust was honest. Although subject to a measure of criticism, such as that it represented a rapists charter,3 this is still the approach to the offence in the common law jurisdictions. Rape requires evidence of the physical essentials of penetration without consent and also the mental aspect that the offender not only intended to penetrate but knew the victim was not consenting or was careless as to whether the victim was consenting.4 carelessness is generally understood subjectively to mean that the offender was conscious that it was probable that the victim was not consenting but continued in any case.5 s 1 defines rape. Intercourse is complete upon proof of penetration by the penis and being complete means that it is has come into existence, not that it has reached an end. It is not necessary to prove that the hymen was broken. Part of the actus reus is that the victim does not consent. 1 St G Tucker, Blackstones Commentaries (William Young Birch and Abraham Small, IV, 1803) 210. 2DPP v Morgan [1976] AC 182. 3J Temkin, Rape and the Legal Process (Sweet Maxwell, 1987) 79. 4Crimes Act 1900 (ACT) s 54; Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) s 61I and s 61R(1); Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA) s 48; Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) s 38. 5 See DPP v Morgan [1976] AC 182, 215; Satnam and Kewal (1983) 78 Cr App R 149; Turrise v R [2003] ACTCA 23; R v Brown (1975) 10 SASR 139; Wozniak and Pendry (1977) 16 SASR 67, 175. s 2 This was a new offence that didnt exist at all previous to the 2003 Act. The actus reus can be that accused uses a part of his body to penetrate victim as in rape, but orally is not included in this offence, and what he penetrates victim with can be his penis or it can be anything else, eg fingers, bottle, anything, and the victim must factually not consent. The crossover with rape will operate if the victim is unable to determine what she was penetrated with perhaps because she was intoxicated, injured or asleep. The mens rea is intention. As with rape, this offence requires a reasonable belief in consent and can be committed recklessly as a result of that. It is therefore a basic intent crime which means that evidence of no mens rea due to involuntary intoxication will be a defence R v Majewski [1977] AC 443. Sexual is defined at s 78 of the 2003 Act. s 3 This offence is akin to the old offence of indecent assault under the 1956 Act, other than the s 3 offence here req uires that D touch V in the circumstances described. The old law only required an assault, which of course need not have involved actual touching. Under the common law in R v Rolfe [1952] 36 Cr App R4 D was guilty of an indecent assault when he walked toward V with his penis exposed. This would not satisfy the s 3 offence now. However, R v H [2005] EWCA Crim 732 shows that only the slightest touch to Vs clothing in a sexual way will suffice. Sexual is defined ats 78 of the 2003 Act, and Ds belief in consent must be reasonable. s 4 The actus reus is not complete unless V factually engages in a sexual act at the instigation of D and V factually does not consent. Sexual is defined at s 78 and Ds belief, if he is to escape liability, must be a reasonable one that V consents. There is no requirement for D to be present when V engages in the activity. Causing V to masturbate herself or causing V to engage in acts of prostitution are examples that would fit s 4. s 61 Administering a substance can be done in any manner, eg in food or drink, by injection or by way of inhalation (perhaps on a smothering cloth or in vapour held under the nose whilst V is asleep). D must administer the substance or cause a third party to do so and while a sexual activity must be intended it need not be D who it is planned will engage in it with V. V must factually not consent and D must be aware of this a mere belief that V might not consent is insufficient. s 74 provides that: a person consents if she agrees by choice, and has the freedom and capacity to make that choice. The definition is based on free agreement. s 75 A conclusive presumption means that the presumption will apply, in this case that V did not consent, if the relevant act is proven to have occurred (the sexual act) and the circumstances described are proven to have occurred (eg D deceived V as to the nature of the sexual act). D will then be presumed to have not had Vs consent and there is no opportunity for him to argue that he did have it. The requirements of force and lack of will were replaced by the perception of consent in the mid 19th century. The turning point was the case of R v Camplin,6 where a woman was penetrated after being made drunk by the accused. Faced with no indication of force against the victim, the House of Lords decided that there could be rape if the penetration took place without the consent and against the will of the victim. In focusing on consent rather than force it has been argued that the offence does not capture the real nature of rape.7 Feminists have articulated several apprehensions about whether the focus on consent sufficiently protects women.8 Firstly, an objectionable consequence of making the consent of the victim the central question has been that criminal trials tend to focus on the conduct and sexual history of the victim rather than on the conduct of the accused.9 A second criticism is that the everyday use of the term consent does not satisfactorily distinguish between cases in which the victim submits out of fear and cases in which she is prepared to engage in sexual intercourse.10 6 R v Camplin (1845) 1 Cox 22. The decision was confirmed in R v Fletcher (1859) 8 Cox 131. 7 V Tadros, Rape Without Consent (2006) 26 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 515, 516. See also V Tadros, No Consent: A Historical Critique of the Actus Reus of Rape (1999) 3 Edinburgh Law Review 317, 330. 8For further discussion see P Western, Some Common Confusion About Consent in Rape Cases (2004) 2 Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 333-359. 9 Tadros, above n 10, 326. 10 Ibid. Finally, it has been argued that the theory of consent cannot be determined reasonably while jurors and judges rely on their predictable views about sexual roles in their assessment of consent such as, put bluntly, yes means no; that women fantasize about being raped; or that women could resist if they really wanted to.11 Voluntary intoxication vs forced intoxication There is a well-established link between the use of commonplace intoxicants like alcohol and sexual assault. Estimates vary between studies, but it is generally accepted that alcohol has been consumed by one or both parties in a high proportion of rape cases. Alcohol has thus been suggested to be both a precipitant of, and an excuse for, sexual aggression by men (Richardson and Campbell, 1982; (Richardson and Hammock, 1991). In addition, alcohol use has been studied as a risk factor for sexual victimization, since it lowers awareness of risky situations and impairs the ability to resist assault (Abbey, 1991; Berkowitz, 1992). Four of the simulations involved alcohol, with the key variable relating to the means of administration to the complainant: (1) unambiguous self-administration; (2) self-administration under pressure from the defendant; (3) surreptitious strengthening of an alcoholic drink by the defendant; and (4) surreptitious administration into a non-alcoholic drink by the d efendant Present Scenario The existing situation where there is no statutory definition of consent to any sexual act which might otherwise be a crime is far from perfect, leading to a lack of lucidity for the complainant, the accused and the Jury. The positive impact of a lucid definition should also be felt outside the courtroom, preventing at least some acts of sexual violence. It would seem best that an alternative expanded and more inclusive definition of consent should have as its primary focus the conduct of the accused rather than that of the complainant, as far as possible, with the aim of 11 See Victorian Law Reform Commission, Sexual Offences: Interim Report (2003) 310. avoiding protracted, hostile and thorough cross-examination of the complainant on matters which are often of doubtful bearing to any real issues in the case. Of course, fairness to the accused is a crucial principle. However, no less crucial is the framing of the law to circumvent needless suffering of survivors of sexual aggression by grilling, as there can be no doubt that apprehension of such an ordeal operates to augment the pace of erosion. Is the present definition of consent inadequate Now it is time to endorse a new extended all-inclusive definition of consent which incorporates the benefits and avoids some pitfalls of the definition used in the UK Sexual Offences Act 2003 12. Some legal experts have identified, that the UK definition does not give any guidance as to whether the complainant must communicate consent by words or action 13. However, it is apparent from the successive cases that the most significant rational issue has been capacity. The England and Wales legislation does not include any definition of capacity itself, and its list of situations where there is presumed to be no consent, at sections 75 and 76 of the SOA 2003, does not expressly include the situation where there is no capacity to consent because of self-induced intoxication of the complainant which falls short of unconsciousness. It is reasonable to say that the UK Government examined this breach in the law in the light of the decision of the Court of Appeal in R v Bree [2007] EWCA 256, i n which the Court interpreted the capacity to consent as something which may evaporate well before a complainant becomes unconscious, and explained that if, through drink (or for any other reason) the complainant has temporarily lost her capacity to choose whether to have intercourse on the relevant occasion, she is not consentingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. However, the Court also made it clear that the complainant may still preserve the capacity to consent (or not) even if she has had quite a lot to drink, which means that basically each case will turn on its own facts. The UK Government decided not to change the law subsequent to this decision. 12 See Section 74 of the UK Sexual Offences Act 2003: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..a person consents if he agrees by choice, and has the freedom and capacity to make that choice. 13 For example, see an article by Victor Tadros entitled Rape without Consent, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies,Vol 26, No 3(2006), pp 515-543, at page 521 et seq It would seem best, given that this is a situation which arises very frequently, and which gives rise to misuse, that an expansive definition of consent should contain stipulation for the situation where the complainants consent is compromised by her voluntary intoxication. After all, the drink driving laws believe that after use of a very modest measure of alcohol, our competence to control a car carefully is critically affected. Of course, this would mean that the conduct of the complainant would still be under investigation. Some regulation as to what should be included in such an extended definition will be found at Sections 75 of the UK SOA 2003 (evidential presumptions about consent) and Section 76 ibid. (conclusive presumptions about consent), which taken together provide a list of situations in which the lack of consent may be understood, and except for the two exceptional situations contained in Section 76, additionally provide that it is open to the accused to bring in ample evidence to show that there is an issue as to whether the complainant consented, in relation to the particular state of affairs. This list of situations does NOT cover the situation where the complainants capacity to consent is impaired by self-induced intoxication, but he/she is not asleep or otherwise unconscious 14. Circumstances when allowing sexual activity does not amount to consent Allowing sexual activity does not amount to consent in some circumstances like when she does not protest and/or offer physical resistance to the activity or if the activity takes place while she is asleep or is unconscious. A comparable condition may come about when she is affected by drugs or alcohol to such an extent that she is in no situation to consent or refuse. It is not pertinent whether or not she took the drug or alcohol voluntarily or involuntarily. Another condition could be when the person is so affected by a mental or physical condition or impairment that she is in no position to consent or to refuse consent. Similarly, it is not consent to sexual activity if she allows it because she is mistaken about the persons identity or she is mistaken about the nature of the activity. 14 Section 75 (2) (d) UK SOA 2003 A consent by another person on behalf of the complainant cannot be considered a legitimate consent or if another person in a position of power, trust or authority incites her to engage in that activity. A complainant cannot express her consent by a lack of concurrence to engage in that activity or having first consented, she expresses by words or conduct a lack of agreement to continue to engage in such activity. The Sexual Offences Act 2003 and thereafter Demand for change of Law The Government has already made a number of changes to the law on rape and the way the police and Crown Prosecution Service work on these cases. These changes include strengthening the law on rape through the Sexual Offences Act 2003 and developing a network of sexual assault referral centres that provide specialised, dedicated help and support to victims. The pioneer support for a change came from non-government groups and victim and survivor support groups, whilst members of the judiciary and legal profession were less persuaded of the need for change. Moreover, around a third of the respondents who believed that the law should be changed favored a further evidential presumption to cover intoxication by drink and drugs, often citing the recommendation that was made in the report to Home Offices review of the law on sexual offences, Setting the Boundaries, which projected an evidential presumption that read: Where a person asleep, unconscious or too affected by alcohol or drugs to give free agreement. A number of respondents, particularly victim and survivor organizations, further argued that the law as it presently existed was essentially paradoxical on the subject of intoxication. The respondents argued that where intoxication fell short of unconsciousness and was therefore covered by section 75(d) of the Sexual Offences Act 2003, i t was both presumed and not presumed to invalidate consent depending on whether the intoxicating substance was administered covertly or consumed voluntarily. It was suggested that the distinction between those intoxicated having had their drink spiked (or been drugged in some other way) and those intoxicated apparently of their own wish was not as clear cut as the law allowed for. There were cases in which offenders knowingly facilitated the intoxication of susceptible victims in order to commit an offence. One example was where an uncle facilitated the intoxication of a younger niece in order to commit a sexual offence. Even in situations where the offender had not been responsible for inducing intoxication there was a risk that some men can seek to take advantage of the fact that women are drunk and therefore have less capacity to defend against demands or intimidation. Therefore, it was argued that the law should be changed so that it made no distinction between voluntary and involuntary intoxication if the final consequence was a lack of capacity to consent. The proceedings in the case of R v Dougal 15 were widely cited as an example of the difficulties caused in applying the current law to cases involving voluntary intoxication and as an argument in favour of adopting a change in the legislation. This case collapsed when the prosecuting counsel took the view that the prosecution were unable to prove that the complainant, because of her level of intoxication, had not given consent and informed the judge that he did not propose to proceed further. The judge agreed and directed the jury to enter a not guilty verdict. It was argued, that the case should have been proceeded with and the issue of the victims capacity to consent put to the jury. It was argued that a change in the law would allow a similar case to proceed in the future and would provide assistance to the jury in considering the issue of consent. While the relationship between capacity and intoxication was the most prominent issue, responses from police and prosecution representatives and childrens organizations identified other factors that should be taken into account when considering an individuals capacity to consent. These included mental health, domestic violence and the exploitation of victims made vulnerable by their circumstances, for example sex workers. There were differing opinions on whether a change in the law would be necessary to allow the effects of such factors to be considered in relation to consent. Organizations with a specific interest in children supported a change to the law which would take account of the particular vulnerability of children and the circumstances in which they can be exploited in order to commit sex offences. It was noted that alcohol can often be used by offenders to make it easier to commit an offence. 15 R v Dougal (2005) Swansea Crown Court (unreported) However, it was also pointed out that alcohol is frequently consumed voluntarily by teenagers before engaging in consensual sex and that it was important that intoxication should not be the only factor taken into account when considering the capacity of those under 16 to consent as this could lead to inappropriate prosecutions. The opinion that the law did not need to be changed was most commonly held by members of the legal profession, the judiciary and law enforcement agencies. Some argued that the law had only been in force for a relatively brief period and that any meaningful assessment of the Acts provisions was therefore premature. Continual change, others argued, rather than bringing clarity, would only serve to cause further confusion. Opponents of change argued, it would be wrong to seek to change the legislation simply because of the outcome of the case of R v Dougal. They took the view that the Sexual Offences Act 2003 had provided a welcome modification to the law on cons ent, which had improved the law because juries were now required to consider what steps the accused had taken to establish whether or not the complainant genuinely consented. Although there may now be a focus less on whether or not consent was given but rather on whether the complainant had the capacity to give consent, this did not challenge the adequacy of the law as it was currently framed. Those who did not consider that the law needed changing argued that it was already the case that a jury could ask themselves whether the complainant was in a fit state to give free and informed consent, especially if they had been drinking heavily. It was suggested by judicial respondents that R v Dougal had been an exceptional case and that in most similar cases juries have been properly directed that lack of capacity includes incapacity through excessive consumption of alcohol or drugs. There was concern for the broader implications of a change in the law. It was suggested that establishing a link between intoxication and a capacity to consent could result in, and according to some should entitle, a defendant to argue that he was too drunk to assess whether consent had been given. It was also argued that the effect of intoxication on a persons ability to make decisions could not be used as a defence to other offences, for example assault, and so should not be relevant to the capacity to consent in rape cases. However, it was also argued that these two situations were not analogous because victims were not on trial. Section 74 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 refers to freedom and capacity and argued that there was a distinction between these two concepts. It was argued that capacity to consent was relevant to children and individuals with mental disorders impeding choice but not to adults who had become intoxicated. It was suggested that equating adults with children in this way was a step backwards. Should there be a statutory definition of capacity This change in law by way of inclusion of a definition of capacity would bring a clarity to proceedings and ensure that juries would consider the complainants circumstances, including any effect that alcohol or other substances may have had on their ability and freedom to choose. Advocates of this definition consider that it is clear and easy to understand and would cover the circumstances where a complainant was so drunk but not unconscious as to not know what was happening or unable to say no. A number of those who supported a further evidential presumption based on alcohol consumption suggested that this might be the statutory definition of capacity that was needed. Most commonly, the evidential presumption that was proposed was the one that appeared in Setting the Boundaries. Such an evidential presumption, it was argued would allow the case to be put to the jury, even where the complainant could not remember whether she consented or not. It would, of course, remain open to the defendant to say that the complainant did indeed consent and for the jury to believe him or, at least, give him the benefit of the doubt. Philosophical issues Does a person who is voluntarily drunk remain capable of giving valid consent to sex? The Court of Appeal in Bree held that a drunken consent is still (valid) consent, though it further recognises that the capacity to consent may evaporate well before a complainant becomes unconscious. This decision is a move in the right direction, yet this article argues that it has not gone far enough, and that s. 74 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 which governs these scenarios allows-and even requires-a more drastic interpretation: a drunken consent is not consent when the person is very drunk. Based on a distinction between factual and legal consent, the article starts by setting up the legal framework as set out in s. 74, and developed in Bree and H. It then goes on to criticise the current case law and its interpretation of s. 74 for not being restrictive enough, by examining two possible theoretical rationales, mentioned in the judgments. The first, which is based on an analogy with the law r elating to intoxicated offenders, is criticised on the grounds of differences between consent and intent. The second, which is based on the general argument that this position recognises the positive aspect of sexual autonomy, is criticised for its failure to distinguish between claims of normative facts and claims of public policy and for giving too much weight to the latter considerations. From the discussion an alternative, more restrictive position, emerges in line with s. 74 of the 2003 Act, according to which a drunken consent is not consent. This position can be adopted by judges, through the provision of better guidance to juries, but failing that a reform of the law might be needed. @ @ @

Do not go gentle into that Good Night and for Eleanor Boylan talking with God :: comparison compare contrast essays

Pain and Sorrow in Thomas’ â€Å"Do not go gentle into that Good Night† and Sexton’s â€Å"for Eleanor Boylan talking with God†Ã‚   The end our road that is life, is death and the second we begin to live, we begin to die. A rendition of death and the loss of a loved one is expressed in two different lights in Dylan Thomas’ â€Å"Do not go gentle into that Good Night† and Anne Sexton’s â€Å"for Eleanor Boylan talking with God†. Both express the fear and vulnerability of losing someone you thought should live forever Thomas’ message is an imperative one a dark and tangible energy whereas Sexton’s tone is more passive and quiet and more driven by sorrow than anger. But as there is an underlying sense of sorrow in Thomas’ villanelle, there is also a sense of quiet anger. In â€Å"For Eleanor Boylan Talking With God†, Sexton expresses the pain of losing a loved one. There is a surreal quality to the poem, Sexton seems to write as she thinks with a thought inciting a memory; she communicates her feelings in a very literal concrete way but the poem is still very abstract because there is so little linking these images, adding on to the feeling that you are looking into Sexton’s very mind and heart. She talks about Eleanor, a friend who is more beautiful than her mother; this intimate compliment can be interpreted as more dear than even her mother. An aspect of Eleanor that Sexton respects is her closeness with God, there is a child-like trust depicted when the author writes about Eleanor in the kitchen â€Å"motioning to God†. Possibly because Eleanor is wearing a lemon-colored sundress, the reader imagines her with a smile and she feels the acceptance at her own death that Sexton cannot find. Eleanor has more faith than the author in God and who has maintained this faith even when she is dying. Sexton wrote that God â€Å"had a face when she was six and a half† meaning he was a tangible figure. The six-year-old Sexton had a familiarity with God, she knew what he looked like; he was her friend, as is the feeling in most children about God. But this image of god has become a huge jellyfish that covers the sky. There is no comfort in a slimy jellyfish and Sexton does not find any comfort in God.

Central Theme in Demian

In Herman Hesses' novel, Demian, he constantly makes the point in having self acceptance. Self acceptance is a value that someone holds in which they are happy with who they are and it is sometimes referred to as self love. Herman illustrates his own journey through the character, Sinclair, on his conquest to obtain this value of self acceptance. Through the incidents that happen in Sinclair's life, he eventually under goes the process of being able to accept him self for who he is. Once this has happend he finds an inner harmoney that could only been reached through self acceptance. His novel begins with a troublesome event that causes Sinclair to acquiesce and sumbit to an older kid. This causes him to lose his morals and values and caues an inner turmoil in his character. This is when two realms are pointed out veiwed by this character as â€Å"night and day†. Night can be referred to as â€Å"love and strictness, model behavior and school†. As night can be refereed to as the darkside which it â€Å"promised and demanded different things†. Sinclair talks about how these two realms can easily overlap one another if your not careful with your actions and behavior. Growing up in a some-what put together household with religion and good education, he realizes that it is very easy to cross into the these two realms; â€Å"day and night, two different worlds†. These realms are at two opposite ends in which he describes in detail how good it is to be in ‘day' and how scary it is to be in ‘night'. Sinclair does not like to put himself into the situation of actions that would be considered night. Although at times he does think about the actions and inherit consequences of being in the darkness he would not even attempt to participate and do such a thing. When Sinclair meets Demian he is amazed by how mature and responsible and sophisticated he is. He is not one who conforms his beliefs with society and will tell you how he sees and thinks it. As they have just met, Demian immediately starts to talk to Sinclair on a Biblical lesson they had learned in school. He tells him how he has interpretated it and Sinclair is very astonished to have learned a new way of seeing the story of Cain and Abel. In fact, Demian sees the story the complete opposite way as to the rest of how the class and teacher veiws it because he has put a philosphical and questionable idea behind it. He wants to talk to the kid more about what he thinks on other things in life. Demian helps Sinclair and gives him advice on how to stop being tractable to Franz, the older kid, in a way relating the Biblical story. Demian opens up the ‘darkside' to Sinclair. He begins to think about being more of an independent person, more say, then just continuing to follow his authoratative figures. By thinking more for himself, he feels that the ‘darkside' is growing onto him and beginning to open up to him. After quickly growing a relationship with Demian, he realized that he use's a psychological act to give him power. SinClair does not understand how he is able to do such a thing in order to get his way from people, by performing hand movements and staring them down. Demian gives a little moral lesson to SinClair on how one must â€Å"desire it strongly enough so that his/her whole being was ruled by it. † SinClair though is not able to fully fulfill Demians words and does not accomplish what he wants to do making him very frustrated. Once again, Demian advises Sinclair in another one of his interpretations on theology; this time being about Crucifixion. Standing up for what you believe in is one of the processes for obtaining self acceptance. SinClair understands what Demian is implying and realizes that in order to be who he truely is, he must figure out what he believes and disbelieves to find himself along with his morals and values- once more a process to obtain self acceptance. For SinClair, it seems that a light has come through into his world as he sees a girl he names Beatrice. He decides to go and paint her but finds that it looks more like Demian. SinClair was able to see the light coming throught to him but no paying attention to the other side, it was ignored. Hesse uses Sinclair’s painting as a metaphor for his inner thoughts and desires. At first he realizes that his painting is beautiful because it is of the girl that his eyes have fallen in love with (desires) but he does not recognize that it is Demian (inner thoughts). He is, however, unsuccessful until he allows himself to give into his â€Å"imagination and intuition that arose spontaneously†¦ † When he does this, his painting seems to differentiate male and femal, light and dark. SinClair, hanging out with men who go to bars to get drunk does not confide into going to have one night stands. He veiws his sexual desire much more then a one time deal as it means love and has strong feelings and veiws towards it. It was the image of an angel and Satan, man and woman in one flesh, man and beast, the highest good and the worst evil. † Sinclair begins to love himself completely. . Sinclair was finally able to come into recogniztion with self love and loving what he truely liked and believed. â€Å"I wanted only to try to live in accord with the pro mptings which came from my true self. Why was that so very difficult? † Eventually, in doing so, his fear took over and he was not able to continue his self acceptance. Walking home from a church, SinClair had always stopped by church to sit and listen to an organist while he plays. This helps him think about himself as the music is not considered good or bad or part of ‘night' or ‘day'. He states that it's â€Å"music that seemed to listen to itself† and that is what SinClair has been trying to do his whole life- find his self acceptance. . Herman Hesse uses the character of Sinclair to give the illistration that one must over come his or her troubles and find their inner self and inner harmony to find their individuality . However, through this, the reader should ask their self â€Å"How well do they know their self? Do they accept their self? and What must they do to finally love their self? â€Å"

Society and Culture in the Hispanic World †History Essay

Society and Culture in the Hispanic World – History Essay Free Online Research Papers Society and Culture in the Hispanic World History Essay Prompt: â€Å"The popular trend is to define development in terms of progress toward a complex of welfare goals, such as reduction of poverty and unemployment and diminution of inequality† (Broockfield). How far do you agree with this as a definition of development? The Penguin English Dictionary describes development as going through â€Å"a process of natural growth, differentiation or evolution by successive changes.† I feel that development is a mixture of both this definition and that of Broockfield. However, we must also take note that the Broockfield’s description of development speaks in almost quantitative terms and development. In this essay, I plan to show how development is much more than just a progression towards â€Å"a complex of welfare goals, such as reduction of poverty and unemployment and diminution of inequality.† Over the past century, many changes have taken place in Latin America in terms of development. Brookfield speaks of development in quantitative terms, which is not a good way of measuring development. If you were to look at a country based on the GNP, this often doesn’t give a fair appraisal on the actual situation within a country. The GNP may appear to be good and show a good standard of living but if you were to actually look at the situation within the country then it would show that this is an unrealistic overview of what is actually occurring. Within many of the countries in Latin America, there is a large disparity between those who are rich and those who are poor. So even if the GNP does appear to be good, it doesn’t necessarily mean that the country is developing well. In many of the countries within Latin America, they are mono producers, which means that their main export is of a certain product. For example in Chile, the main product that is exported i s copper, which in 1985 made up 46% of their total exports . We must also remember that in Latin America, development has been impaired by the USA as many of the Latin American countries have borrowed heavily from the USA. The other problem affecting the countries within Latin America is the fact that they mainly export their products to the USA and are then forced to buy back the product they originally sold them at often treble the original cost. This may mean that although the countries in Latin America are gaining money in order to progress the development of the country, the same people who are helping them in monetary terms are also holding them back. Another factor in development that must be considered is education. It is easy to speak of increasing employment and as a country reducing inequality and having welfare goals. However, in order to reach these goals it is of utmost importance to educate people. Without an education, increasing awareness of inequality and decreasing unemployment is virtually impossible. In countries such as Bolivia, Guatemala and Honduras where the illiteracy rates are high, it is unlikely that the situation will improve unless certain sections of society are given the opportunity to an education. The ideal of gaining any form of employment that will pay someone enough money to look after their family is impossible if they don’t even have any form of education. When talking of equality in relation to the countries of Latin America, it is easy in principle to say that in order to gain some sort of development then inequality must be reduced. However, the traditions of the Latin American countries must be taken into account. The ideas of machismo and marianismo are ingrained into the children within the Latin American societies from a very young age. It is expected that the men within society will go out and earn money for their families while the wife of the family is expected to stay at home and look after any children they may have. It is also not surprising if the husband has affairs and has many other illegitimate children. This is just an accepted fact that it goes on in society. If the parents are teaching their children these stereotypes of the roles of men and women within society then it is going to be a slow process changing the minds of the people to accept women as equal to their male counterparts. Therefore it is more pro blematic including it as a symbol of development within society when it is likely that it will take a lot of time to resolve this inequality. We must also take into account that there are smaller things that can occur within a society that signify that the country is beginning to progress. Cubitt highlights this in a case study where there had been a certain degree of penetration by capitalists into rural areas. With the increase in popularity of a certain product, in this instance coffee, businesses had entered into a rural area and the people in the town changed what they produced in order to supply enough coffee in accordance with the demands of the people. It meant that in a few years, they had gone from supplying coffee not only on a national market but an international market. It meant that people were able to improve their situation to a certain degree. They were able to build roads and have better forms of communication between towns. This may not be seen as development on a large scale but it did however mean that the people in this case developed and improved their situation. We must also take into account that, as Broockfield has said in his definition of development, that there are many people in Latin America who are suffering to a certain extent with extreme poverty. Cubitt highlights the problem that, ‘Latin America’s nutritional levels are higher than in many other parts of the Third World, and yet it is estimated that 15 per cent of the region’s children suffer from medium to high level malnutrition, which means, given the differences within the region, high levels in some areas (Lopez Cordovez 1982). One of the major factors inhibiting greater improvements in consumption levels is inflation, to which food prices become very vulnerable. Because of inflation, real food prices in the great majority of Latin American countries were higher at the end of the 1970s than the beginning. It is estimated that 60 per cent of the rural population of Latin America lives in conditions of poverty.’ As Broockfield has also stated in his definition of development, welfare goals are an important factor in the development of a country. As a country develops, it is important for certain aspects of welfare have to be considered, such as increasing the numbers of doctors and the entitlement to be able to see a doctor when unwell as well as increasing the numbers of hospitals. Without this, the development of a country is extremely limited. To a certain extent I am in agreement with Broockfield’s definition of development. However, it must be said that his definition is used in quantitative terms, which often don’t show the true picture of the development of a country. If the GNP is good, it may appear that the country is in a better situation than that which it is. If we look at development in terms of improvements that have been made within society such as better forms of communication, a reduction in illiteracy, more employment in general, equality, better welfare, improvements in the reduction of malnutrition and reductions in poverty than we will have a far better idea of how a country truly is developing. Research Papers on Society and Culture in the Hispanic World - History EssayDefinition of Export QuotasNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBringing Democracy to AfricaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeOpen Architechture a white paper19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraResearch Process Part OneTwilight of the UAW

The heat given out by different types of primary alcohols Essays

The heat given out by different types of primary alcohols Essays The heat given out by different types of primary alcohols Essay The heat given out by different types of primary alcohols Essay In my investigation I will measure the heat given out by different types of primary alcohols when combusting with oxygen and compare the difference in the energy out put per mole of different alcohols.HypothesesBefore we can have a look at the heat content of the different alcohols, we must be able to understand the process of combustion, the changes of the energy within the system while combusting with oxygen and how to determine the difference of the energy given out per unit.First it is crucial to know that it is the external energy that we are measuring of the system, because as the Second Law of thermodynamics states that heat cannot be completely converted into work without some part of the system undergoing change, a equation is applied to the law illustrates that H (total heat content) = G (free energy) + TS (temperatureà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½entropy, TS is the unfree energy which is associated with the degree of disorder of the system), and H can only be equal t o G when TS=0 which only takes place at the temperature of absolute zero.We therefore cannot measure the total change in enthalpy (total heat content) since the 3rd law of thermodynamics states that absolute zero cannot be reached; the entropy which measures the degree of disorder also increases spontaneously that the particles of the system become disorderer or more random. What this investigation measures is the spontaneous change in the free energy which is converted into heat as stated in the second law of thermodynamics.Then it is necessary to know that the reaction is exothermic that is heat or in another word kinetic energy and light energy, which is the emission given out when the exited electron return to a lower energy levels, are given out to the surroundings causing the surroundings to gain more kinetic energy and rise in temperature. We can measure the different values of the bond energy of the reactants and the variation between the two values, if the value of variatio n is positive i.e. when energy is gained the reaction is endothermic, but if the value appears to be negative, then the reaction is exothermic. It is possible to calculate the average bond energy measured in kilo joules per mole (DH/KJ mol-1) and determine the variation. Knowing that C-H=413; C-O=336; C==O=805; H-O=464; O==O=498.3 and the following equation it is possible to calculate ?E.2CH3 (OH) +3O2= 2CO2 +4H2O(413à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3+336+464)à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2+498.3à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3-805à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2-464à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4=-1359.1 KJ, thus the reaction is exothermic. And since the reactions of other alcohols are similar then we can say that the other alcohol combustions are exothermic.Another fact that we must know is that the end products of any combustion reaction are carbon dioxide and water, but before the new molecules can be formed, a certain energy level is needed to give sufficient energy for the collision by what means that if the energy is not sufficient or incorrec tly orientated the reactants will not form, sufficient energy that is needed to be reached is the activation energy of the system to form the activated complex that the atoms are separated.From the state of transition the particles in the molecules now attract to particles of opposite charge, and the orbital become over lapped that the some electrons of the orbital in the outer shell are influenced by both nuclei and therefore forms the molecular orbital (M.O.), and the electrons occupies the orbital whose energy is the lowest available to it. The filling of electrons to the M.O. i.e. the orbital in the sub-shells of the shells are filled up with electrons leads to the drop in energy level of the electrons which can also be called bond energy since it is the energy needed for the transition of energy level of the electrons. This can also be regarded as spontaneous change of the system that it tend to a minimum in potential energy, because the first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but is simply transferred from one form or system another, the decrease in the energy level of the electrons must mean that energy is transferred to the surroundings.From the information above I can now decide that the energy released per mole is determine by the decrease in energy level of the electrons of the valence shell spontaneously and the number of M.O. When there are more carbon atoms with in an alcohol, there will be more hydrogen atoms within the molecule as well, so that when the new molecules are formed there will be more M.O. of the similar sort formed and more energy will be released, according to the theories I have explained above.If we know the value of the reduction in the energy level when the M.O. are formed (the bond energy), the symbol equation of the reactions and the relative atomic mass (R.A.M.), then it is possible to calculate the energy given out per mole. I will work out the energy released per mole and I woul d expect the result of my experiment follow a similar pattern of increase of the set of values below. As we already knew, C-H=413; C-O=336; C==O=805; H-O=464; O==O=498.3; C-C=347Methanol: 2CH3OH+3O2= 2CO2 +4H2O(413à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3+336+464)à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2+498.3à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3-805à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2-464à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4=-1359.1 kJ; 1359.1?2=679.55kJ mol-1Ethanol: C2H5OH+3O2=2CO2+3H2O347+413à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5+336+464+3à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½498.3-(805à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2)à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2-(464à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2)à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½= -1297.1kJ1297.1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1=1297.1 kJ mol-1Propan-1-ol: 2C3H7OH+9O2=6CO2+8H2O(347à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2+413à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7+336+464)à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2+498.3à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½9-805à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6-464à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8= -3829.3kJ3829.3à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2=1914.65 kJ mol-1Butan-1-ol: C4H9OH+6O2=4CO2+5H2O347à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3+413à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½9+336+464+498.3à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6-805à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4-464à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5= -2532.2kJ2532.2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1=2532.2kJ mol-1From these set of results it is pos sible to predict that as the number of carbon atoms increases within an alcohol molecule, the energy out put per mole will also increase.Safety* Alcohols are highly flammable so that the spirit burners must be dealt with caution, any alcohol spillages on any surfaces must be cleaned immediately in case of fire.* Alcohols can cause blindness and death when took into the body, one must seek medical attention when took in.* Avoid touching the apparatus directly after experiments, when which will be heated up.* The flame must be kept distance away from other unnecessary apparatus.* Safety goggles and lab coats must be worn, and first aid kits and other first aid equipments must be ready in case of emergencies. (See photo 4)Apparatus* Spirit burner containing methanol, ethanol, propanol-1-ol and butanol-1-ol* Stand, boss and clamp* Thermometer* Digital balance accurate to 10-2 digits* Ruler* 2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100ml2 measuring cylinder* Safety goggles, lab coats* Stop clock* Tin can* Heat proo f mat(See photo 1)MethodIn order to carry out this investigation, two measurements must be taken; they are the loss in the weight of the alcohols, and the temperature change of the water. Subsequently before we can start the experiment we must measure the weight of the spirit burner, and record the reading. Then the stand boss and the clamp should be set up to fix the tin in place. The reason why I have chosen the tin to be the calorimeter is because it is a good conductor to heat thus it has a relatively low heat capacity, and more kinetic energy can be passed to the water molecules efficiently to make accurate my results.The spirit burner should be positioned directly beneath the tin and a heat proof mat is needed to be placed under the spirit burner. The distance between the peak of the wick and the bottom of the tin must be kept constant in order to carry out a fair comparison. A draught shield is needed to be placed around the spirit burner and the tin to prevent the unnecessar y heat loss that could vary the result of the experiment. (See photo 2) After the apparatus have been set up as described above, then we must measure 200ml of water of 2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100ml measuring cylinder and add which to the tin, and then place the thermometer to the water and wait until the reading is stable. It important to keep the volume of water constant since the energy required to raise 1oc is associated with the mass.This stable reading can give the actual temperature before the experiment and this also tells me the temperature of the tin since the one have higher energy tends to give out energy spontaneously and equilibrium can be reached between the two. Knowing the heat capacity of the tin it is possible to calculate how much energy the calorimeter receives and this can give me a more accurate value of the heat generated by the alcohol. Since equilibrium can be reached by energy transfer from a hotter system to a colder, I can therefor say that the temperature of the ti n can is almost the same as the water. Now that knowing the heat capacity of the calorimeter system which is 0.277 kJ m3 oc and the weight of the tin can is 40.937g, then the energy that had been absorbed in each of the experiments can be calculated.After the preparations it is time to start the experiment by lighting the spirit burner thought the hole in the draught shield using a stick. The experiment will be carried out for approximately 180 seconds, the time is set upon the preliminary work I have done that this could prevent the maximum evaporation of water while efficient energy can be gained by the water to show a positive result. The reading from the thermometer must be taking quite exactly the same time when the flame extinguishes so that an accurate value can result that further out put of energy that will not be taken into account can be avoided.The spirit burner must also be weighed immediately to give a result as accurate as possible, since the weight can be reduced fro m other ways such as evaporation. The experiment of each alcohol will be carried out 3 times to give an accurate result and the same experiment will be repeated for each alcohol. Between each experiment it is necessary to clean off the carbon as the result of incomplete combustion produced at the bottom of the tin, because it can act as an insulator which will have effects on the accuracy of the results. One other of the natures of combustions is that the flame is not stable and within a flame the distribution of heat is not equal.Consequently it must me made sure that the sizes of the flames are the same since the distance between the wick and the tin can is already at constant. A difference between the cotton part, which is the interior of the wick, and the exterior material can cause a difference in the size of the flame, thus I have decided to cut the wick before each experiment to maintain the size of the flames. (See Photo 3) At this point it is vital to point out that the ran ge of alcohol used be limited within the primary alcohols, which all have similar molecular structures in terms of the arrangement, so that methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol and butan-1-ol are used. I also felt that there is no significance in caring out the experiment further that pentan-1-ol and hexan-1-ol are necessary, since I can discover the pattern from the first four.Fair testIn the table below I will illustrate the thing that I will keep constant and that will vary to produce results of use.VariablesConstantsType of primary alcoholVolume of waterApproximately the same timeDistance between the top of spirit burner and the bottom of tinApproximately the same surface area of tin covered by the draught shieldWickThe same calorimeterResults:(See table 1, 2, 3 and graph 1, 2,3)Analysis:By looking a Graph 1, it is possible to see the correlation between the number of carbon atoms and the energy output per mole. The correlation had illustrated that both the expected values and observe d values are positive, how ever the expected values increase steadily with a high gradient than the values of the experiment. The outcome was expected and the cause had already been explained in the hypothesis. First by nature it is not possible to make 100% use from the energy given out by the reaction, because the energy given is mainly in the form of heat, the movement of particles that can be lost very easily.Evidence have also shown that the combustion is not complete because carbon, one of the activated complex in the process of the reaction had not been combined with oxygen forming carbon dioxide, thus less energy is produced by the reaction due to the incomplete combustion; the amount of carbon collected at the bottom of the tin can had increased as the alcohols containing more carbon was used, showing that more of the combustion/reaction was incomplete when the time for each spirit burner to combust was roughly 180 seconds.From graph 1 along, it is difficult to identify the anomalies due to its scale, thus the observed results had been put onto a new graph. (See graph 3) From the graph it is then possible to see that there is no anomalies in the experiment since the line of best fit goes through the error bars of the plotted points on the graph, the error bars represented the possible variation of data due to the inaccuracies experiment. But when looking at graph 2, the percentage of accuracy decreases as the number of carbon increases, butan-1-ol in particular had an anomalous value. If one of the values of the data in the percentage/accuracy graph is anomalous, then this value must also be at the wrong position in the energy output/carbon atoms graph, however there is not enough evident to investigate further.The characteristics of this calorimeter system only allows us to measure the heat transfer from one system to another, however heat was not the only product of the reaction that a relatively large part of the energy is in the forms of light, wh ich cannot be measured by the calorimeter system. However the difference in the gradient of the two lines of best fit had shown that they increase at different rates, i.e. there are errors in the last experiments which had made the rate of increase of the observed values differ from the expected.The percentage of accuracy of the results obtain from the experiment is shown on graph 2. From which it is clear that the results became less accurate as the chain of carbons got longer, in theory the molecule will increase its activation energy as the number of carbon atoms increases because each carbon atom have 4 half full sub-shells, since the electrons follow the Hund principle which states that when filling a sub-shell, there is less electron repulsion if each of each orbital is half-filled first before any single one is completely filled.In the M shell of carbon, 2s, 2px, 2py and 2pz orbital are half filled of that the 4 unpaired electrons can attract 4 other nuclei, thus the more car bon there is the half filled orbital there are. Again, as I had stated in my prediction that the energy level, the potential energy in particular of the electrons will drop, when an orbital is full, therefore more energy is required to provide sufficient energy i.e. bring back the initial energy level of the electrons for collision to occur properly. The more carbon atoms there are, the fuller orbital thus larger amount of energy will fall. The higher activation energy made difficult the supply of which, thus a larger amount is combusted improperly, and this can then explain the decrease in percentage of accuracy.Equally if there are more carbon atoms in the reactants, more products will form, and I had already investigated in my prediction that the reaction is exothermic, i.e. the energy given by the products is higher than the energy put in to the system due to the characteristics of different types of bonds. In this case, there are more bonds in the products, although the type of bonding may be different (? and ? bonds) that they have different energy levels.From my results it is possible of see that as the number of carbon atoms increased in a primary alcohol molecule, the energy output of it also increases. This had matched my prediction although the pattern between the expected and the observed is different.Evaluation:The results had shown a positive correlation between the set of results, however the results had also shown that the experiment did not accurately measure the energy output of the alcohols on graph 1. However there is potential to make more accurate the experiment by using method that could prevent as much heat loss as possible.Before it is possible to make further improvements on the investigation, probable errors must be identified and analyzed. It would consolidated my conclusion, in witch the particular errors are unidentified, if I had more evidence about the trend in the deduction of the percentage of accuracy, thus I would be a good idea to obtain the values of pentan-1-ol and hexan-1-ol. However if the equipments such as a variety of alcohols are not available, then more accurate methods can my applied to the current investigation to reduce the probability of anomalies occurring.First the heat produced by the reaction is not efficiently used to heat up the water, which can cause potential inaccuracies; some heat is lost to the surroundings and not taking in by water, because some would be conducted away by the apparatus e.g. the tin can some would be absorbed by the cylinder (not include in the calculation) and some lost through convection or move spontaneously to where air molecules have less energy due to nature. To solve the problem black painted tin cans which is able to absorb the maximum radiation given, and the infra red waved are able to heat up the water molecules. Yet not all part of the tin should be painted black, the inside and the outside of the sides of the tin can must maintain its shiny colour to prevent radiation given out by the heated up tin can.Some sort of insulation of the tin can is also able to avoid heat lost through conduction, consequently the tin can should be wrapped with wools to preserve the heat within. The apparatus that are purposed to preserve the heat are not all ideal, the cylinder used to increase the heat given to tin can should have had a higher heat capacity, because the draught shield was heated up but the large amount of energy, due to the large change in temperature, cannot and was not calculated. It would possibly be a good idea to use a better insulated draught shield, so that it would also by wrapped with wools and coated with silver paint to reduce conduction and radiation to the minimal. An enclosed and well insulated chamber can also increase the efficiency of the usage of the energy, by bring to a close the escape of the heat.Many other faults were caused by ineffectual apparatus. The hole that was used to light spirit burner acted as a drought, which provided oxygen which is an element in the equation of combustion, but this also had made the flame unstable due to the movement of the air. The thermometer was accurate 0.5 oC which could impact the final result, if the thermometer was accurate to 10-2 the results would be more accurate and more reliable. The shielding that are purposed to prevent heat loss can impede the process of putting off the flame, therefore the change in mass did not match the reading of the thermometer when taken, and the level of heat with in the chamber will not be consistent through out the experiment when attempting to distinguish the flame by capping the burner. This problem would be very difficult to solve that it would be difficult to have an enclosed system to prevent heat loss and to ensure that the flame can be distinguished easily.One other cause of error of my experiment was that the alcohols are not completely combusted because the activation energy cannot be reached when only little partition of the alcohols in the spirit burner are being burnt and not producing enough energy for efficient collision between particles so that carbon atoms are formed at the bottom of the tin can. The building up of the carbon also acted as an insulator that the heat cannot be conducted to the tin can and will impact on the results of my experiment. Again this is a problem that I have to face when the experiment is repeated, although the carbon can be displace after each experiment, but the effect of which during the experiment cannot be solved.Now that I think it is appropriate to introduce a different method which would guarantee the energy of the reaction can be accurately measured. In the current experiment heat loss to the surroundings and therefore the energy towards the water was not efficient, but if the surroundings, where heat is given to, is water then maximum percentage of energy released by the experiment would be given to water where it can be measured. The er ror occurred in measuring the mass was also a factor affecting the anomalous results, thus a given mass can be allowed to be completely combusted so that an accurate value can be obtained.Some of the energy given to water are lost, or transferred to the surrounding of the calorimeter which cannot be measured, the heat is transferred is because one system has more energy than the other. Knowing this if the calorimeter can be maintained at the same temperature as the water with, no heat transfer can occur through conduction, and when the calorimeter is concealed no further heat can escape by convection. In order to reduce radiation, as described above, the calorimeter can be coated in shiny colour. Rather than preceding the experiment in a spirit burner, where only a little mass of alcohol was being burnt which could not proved efficient energy output that the wrong proportion of which could be used to provide the efficiency for collision, and result in incomplete combustion.A larger mass could be burnt in a given length of time to produce more energy to secure further efficiency in collision. The appropriate apparatus which suites the description above would be a bomb calorimeter. (See diagram 1) The combustion would take place in the bomb where is cased with steel, which could with stand the impact of the explosion when alcohol being combusted and also conduct heat to the calorimeter. Within the bomb the reaction is triggered by a fuse-wire which is conducted to the mains, the fuse then burns the cotton attached to it and light the flame.The bomb is also well supplied with 25 atmosphere of oxygen, pumped in with a pipe, thus no draught is need. The bomb then will be placed in a calorimeter system filled with water, as stated above that maximum energy can be transferred in the water which can then be measured, the wall of this calorimeter will be filled with water and the temperature of which is controlled by a coil which equalizes the temperature so that heat cannot can not escape or get into the calorimeter. Because the heat cannot be transferred in or out of the calorimeter, the maximum temperature the system reaches would be almost, if not all the free energy of the reaction.As well as to discover the pattern among the primary alcohols, secondary and tertiary alcohols can also be investigated. We already know the relationship between the numbers of carbon atoms or the length of the carbon chain and the energy output, it would be equally significant to learn the science when the carbons are not in a chain or a irregular chain, and how a hybridized carbon if any at all is able to alter the results. Investigations could be among propan-2-ol, butan-2-ol, pentan-2-ol, hexan-2-ol, cyclohexanol and 2-methyl-propan-2-ol.

Why To Kill a Mockingbird Is Controversial to Some

Why To Kill a Mockingbird Is Controversial to Some There are several reasons that the content of Harper Lees great novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, is sometimes considered so controversial (and inappropriate for young audiences) that it is banned, challenged, as well as removed from school/library lists and shelves. Racial Injustice The topic of prejudice, discrimination, and out-and-out cruel hatred is not always a topic that we like to discuss with our children. After all, we want children to remain innocent, to be removed and protected from the injustices, unfairness, cruelty, and fear that so often prevails in this world. Children learn all-to-quickly that society is filled with goodness and kindness (or at least thats the hope), but theres also a great deal of evil, bullying and all the worst unkindness in human nature.  To Kill a Mockingbird explores both aspects of humanity. Theres the life-and-death struggle of an innocent black man against the discrimination and barbarity thats not only evident in the actions of their fellow townspeople but also in the pervasive prejudices of the legal system. Atticus is the only man who is brave enough to stand up against the mob-rule, in an effort to ensure that justice is served! He knows that the ignorance that prevails could cost him his life (and/or everything he holds dear), but the pursuit of justice and the defense of innocence is (to him) worth anything he could face. He is not deterred. Sexual Violence Although the lies that are told related to the rape are not explicit in nature, theres still the fact that Mayella Ewell put blame on Tom Robinson for a horrible violation. The indictment is completely fabricated, but even the claim of rape troubles some readers. For some parents, teachers and other gateways to reading, the topic of violation (even in an abstract sense) is unacceptable for school-age children. Physical Violence Its difficult to feel sorry for Mayella because we know what her claims mean to Tom (and to Atticus, as he attempts to defend an innocent man). We may dislike what shes saying (and doing), we come to some acceptance of the psychology of the poor, abused girl; she would do or say anything (in her fearful and browbeaten state). In addition to the abuse that Mayella experiences at the hand of her father, physical violence are brought to bear upon Atticus and his children. In their anger and ignorance, the townspeople attempt to use violence and fear; to control Atticus.Atticus refuses to back down. He refuses to allow an innocent man to falsely convicted and imprisoned, without at least a fight. Atticus says: Courage is not a man with a gun in his hand. Its knowing youre licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what. You rarely win, but sometimes you do.   Heres another interesting question; how would the novel be different without controversial topics (and events)? Imagine what the book would be like if they sanitized the novel.

Lifebuoy in the United Arab Emirates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lifebuoy in the United Arab Emirates - Essay Example The Unilever started in Saudi Arabia by appointing Binzagar family as official representative. In 1992, the company decided to open its first office in Dubai followed by a joint venture in Egypt. It was operated in three clusters. In 2007 all the three were combined and became Unilever North Africa and Middle East to consolidate its operations, leverage synergies of scale and cost arbitrage. It is considered as the market leader in the region with a market turnover of US$ 1.3 billion (Unilever North Africa and Middle East Bucks the Global Trend, 2009). The brand Lifebuoy has come a long way through the years. It is one of the country’s oldest brands launched in 1894 as Lifebuoy Royal disinfectant soap. Considered as an affordable soap to support people seeking better personal hygiene, it was launched across the world and continued to be a leading brand in India (Lifebuoy Shampoo). Lifebuoy brand has also a shampoo line which includes variants such as hair fall, herbal and anti dandruff. It was launched in 1997 in Pakistan and a leading brand ever since. It provides affordable shampoo for the Pakistanis regardless of lifestyle and class. Every variant should have a detailed description of the product for consumers’ information. ... Since Middle East is a hot region and majority of the people including in the UAE suffers from dandruff due to heat, diet and other external factors, the market for anti-dandruff shampoo has been lucrative. Most citizens suffer from an age range of 15 years to above 40 years old but the majority of them are between 25 to 29 years old according to research. Different brands of shampoo can be found on the market but has different side effects have been noted on the consumers such as makes the hair hard, bad smell and others. UAE’s development of free zones and other industries such as industrial and commercial sites, growing sectors in healthcare, hotel and restaurant, automotive logistics and construction, it provides large number or workers that are prospective consumers of anti-dandruff shampoo and other products and can be considered as lucrative market Different marketing strategies have been adapted by Unilever Company to market their Lifebuoy products. Vikram (2010) state d that Brand Management is the application of marketing techniques to a specific product to a product line that may be a brand too. Using this kind of strategy, brand management will generate more profit because the brand has been established in the consumers’ mind that they will continue to patronize the new product under that brand. They continue to use brand management through the years because it is a more effective way of introducing new products to market. It is also a cheaper mode of advertisement since the brand is already known by consumers and they do not have a hard time remembering the new product because they can always associated the new products with the famous brand. Another strategy that had been using by the company

Short and Long-Term Career Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Short and Long-Term Career Goals - Essay Example Accounting has been my passion since I discovered what it was, and thus, as soon as I finished my Business Administration course and received my degree from Makerere University in 2005, I marched on to Nile Cargo Carrier Inc. to work as a junior accountant. During my tenure at NCCI, I witnessed firsthand its evolution and impact on society as it expanded, first nationally, and eventually internationally. Therefore, when I was leaving it after six years, I felt more than only sad; I felt that I was my attachment with the organization and its goals. I, now, shared its vision. In addition, thus, I took it upon myself to no longer be a mere employee of the company, but instead to establish a greater link and make more productive and active moves in its betterment. Therefore, I did. Moreover, all the while, I also founded Lusse Children’s Foundation and did some community service for my country. By 2013, as director of the organization, I have made it a personal goal to work toward s getting funds for food, shelter, and education project, and I believe to be a successful NGO, one needs to earn the trust of people, and there would be nothing better out there to prepare myself for the trust with a Northeastern degree. Everyone has a selfish side. My perspective is to establish, all the while expanding LCF, a financial consulting firm that aims to give advice to small or lower budgeted businesses. Furthermore, since I have mostly held friendly relationships with my teachers, I have become inspired to propagate MBA specialization courses, such as Financial Management and Business Turnarounds in my country. I believe that spreading knowledge and education will be a step in the positive direction for getting my country, and its slumping economy, out of distress. I realize that these goals are more than just slightly idealistic, but I firmly believe that enrollment in your reputable university will add some reality to my dreams. Describe in detail an accomplishment of yours from a professional or volunteer setting of which you are most proud. What steps were necessary to reach a successful conclusion? What challenges did you have to overcome? I have led a good life and I like to believe that today I am a strong man, both mentally and emotionally. However, I know better than anyone does that every bit of strength I have, I have earned it with hard work. Every challenge I have ever gotten past has been due to relentless determination and uphill struggle. Nothing has come easy to me. My undergraduate degree, especially, took its toll on me. I had to work very hard, but I believe the achievement I am pride myself in most would be the foundation of my non-governmental organization, the Lusse Children’s Foundation, an organization aimed to help children in Uganda, my home country. Starting an organization whose mission statement is to feed, educate, and protect is something everyone should do, but only a few people get the chance to. Starting this organization was not an easy task; I had to invest many of my personal savings to take things off. Furthermore, I had to spend a lot of time travelling overseas to coordinate with other partners and keep a check on the running of the c ompany. In fact, one of the most difficult things to do as a director was to keep a close watch on my colleagues to make sure they were not pocketing the funds and donations we had collected. This organization has been my source of pride for many reasons. Firstly, of course, it appeals to me altruistic side and makes me feel that I am contributing positively to my community and giving back to my home country what it needs most: resources. Having grown up in Uganda, I have seen the fundamental flaws that tarnish the beauty and innocence of that country and I can

China's growth contradicts the links between democracy and growth Essay

China's growth contradicts the links between democracy and growth. Discuss - Essay Example Alongside democracy, capital and labor are some of the critical factors considered to have a significant effect on economic growth in the long run. There have been misconceptions that China’s economic growth is linked to the fact that China is a one-party state that upholds the authoritarian form of government. These mistaken views have influenced other countries to believe that authoritarian rule contributes hugely to economic growth, although China’s growth is tied to liberalization of political and economic reforms, which have led to reduced authoritarianism. China’s growth contradicts the links between democracy and growth China’s growth contradiction with democracy has brought about complication in the fact that the world’s richest countries attribute their success and growth to existence of democracy in their systems. The belief that economic development are linked to democracy is getting weaker as authoritarian regimes like China are proving that they have the capability of achieving economic growth without putting any efforts on political democracies. However, it remains a fact that high per capita income in democratic states has a significant effect in achieving stable and increasing economic growth. Over the last twenty-five years, China's has maintained tremendous economic growth with rigid political aspects that have remained closely tied to authoritarian form of governance. This stagnation in political reforms has negated the concept of economic growth, resulting in educated citizens who later pressure the most authoritarian governments to allow for democracies in which they themselves can exercise control over political situations for the benefit of the entire country. Claims that democracy does not contribute to economic development arise with respect to government’s function of representing the common needs of all the citizens. Different requirements, views, and opinions of different citizens necessitate the government to function independently and represent the collective views of all citizens other than needs of a few individuals. Democracy existence is said to be a hindrance to the independence a government in fostering economic growth and effective citizen representation. The government is given the responsibility of collecting taxes and putting the revenue into productive use with respect to aggregate preferences of citizens. Therefore, democracies may become obstacles for government’s rational functionality; however, multiparty systems in voting in governments may represent rational preferences that meet a variety of conditions to a limited proportion. Moreover, democracy may reflect a system of governance that meets requirements of citizens but does not foster aggregate preferences such as economic prosperity. However, autonomy of the government in countries like China only infringes on political freedom and not economic freedom. Lack of political freedom is depicted by the single party governance where the government places independent emphasis on liberalization of foreign and private investment. Usually, authoritarian governments that have liberalized their economies are statistically proved to economically

COURSE WORK. OIL AND GAS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

COURSE WORK. OIL AND GAS - Assignment Example Esso, Exxon and Mobil are the brands in which the company uses to consolidate the market. These are energy products used in the petrochemical industry, lubrication and transport industry, and companies that require petroleum energy to drive their production (Coll 2012, Abreu 2010 and Choi, 2008). This paper is a report on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that face the company. It provides a critical evaluation of the above elements of the company, and where possible, this paper gives examples, and explains them. The main aim of this analysis is to predict the future potential of the weakness, and advice investors on whether it is wise to invest in this company. The importance of this SWOT analysis is to identify whether it is a wise venture to invest in ExxonMobil. To effectively explain the strengths of the organization, this paper highlights the following issues in regard to ExxonMobil, its position as the most dominant player in its field of operation, and its varied sources of revenue. This paper recognizes the company’s stable economic performance as one of its strengths. This paper identifies and explains the following as the weaknesses of the organization, excessive legal proceedings, employee instability, and a week upstream performance in the United States economy, and its association with dictatorial regimes in African countries such as Chad. It identifies the opportunities of this company as, emerging markets for energy in china, an increase for the demand of liquefied gas, increase in profitability due to its extensive base, among others. In identifying and describing the threats the organization faces, this paper focuses on the economic recession in United States of America and Europe, piracy and terror threats, and laws regulating the environment. This paper has a conclusion, and it is an analysis of the various described, and it gives a recommendation on whether investing in the company is

Brief Review of Literature Discussing Theories Essay

Brief Review of Literature Discussing Theories - Essay Example Equally, Bronfenbrenner, Pavlov, Skinner, Watson, Vygotsky in the midst of others, are among the distinguished theorists who have addressed the issue. This paper will review literature discussing theories and theorists concerned with the cause and response to problematic behaviour in children. Causes of problematic behaviour in children The development of children behaviours, whether good or problematic, starts at an early age. These behaviours may persist, if no intervention measures are put in place. In addition, the magnitude of the problem develops with age, as children who demonstrate problematic behaviours during their earlier years are likely to show more problems later in life (Papatheodorou, 2005 pp. 4). These behaviours start at birth, when they are controlled by external factors. Bowlby’s attachment theory asserts that infants begin to develop psychological attachment to the first people they relate with, and use the knowledge they acquire to shape their behaviours. The infant-parent relationship is thus very useful in influencing the environment that shapes the behaviour of the children (Wallach & Caulfield, 1998 pp. 125). According to Dowling (2009 pp. 11), developing the confidence of children at a tender age plays a major role in shaping their behaviours. She affirms that, confidence is a driver in supporting the growth at a tender age. It is apparent that children gain confidence from the relationship they develop with their parents. Such activities as allowing children to play may increase their self-confidence, which plays a role in shaping their behaviours (Dowling, 2009 pp. 11). John Bowlby (Arnold, 2010 pp. 21) in his study of the attachment theory affirmed that the earliest bond between children and their caregivers has a lasting effect in their lives. These affects are demonstrated in their behaviours, which may be problematic or calm. Children who do not have strong attachments with their parents or caregivers usually develop oppo sitional-defiant, conduct disorder and in extreme cases post-traumatic depression. This makes the children aggressive, upset most of the time and having a feeling of insecurity (Arnold, 2010 pp. 23). Piaget’s theory about children development cements the attachment theory. According to Piaget, children have the ability to construct their own knowledge based on the experiences they go through. In addition, he affirms that accommodation and assimilation play a role in shaping the behaviours of children. As a result, children who are rejected at a tender age may learn bad traits, which are reflected in their behaviours (Bronfenbrenner, 1979 pp. 10). Domestic violence in the families also plays a major role in shaping the behaviours of children. This incidence entails any form of threatening behaviour or violence, physical, psychological, financial or sexual between two adults who have been living together. Such incidences are devastating to the lives of a child who may not be aw are of what is going on. What children see, hear or experience during the violence makes them change their perception as well as behaviours. Children who for example hear their parent scream in anger or plead in fear, will develop aggression and hatred towards a certain group of people. As a result, the hatred is reflected in their behaviours (Sterne, Poole, Chadwick, & Lawler, 2010 pp. 4). On a larger perspective, the society in which children are brought up

REVIEW THIESIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

REVIEW THIESIS - Essay Example Additionally, the study also discusses past research findings pertaining to the connection between education and creativity, particularly on how it contributed to success in business education. Moreover, the study will discuss the role of creativity in real life situations and the challenges of incorporating creativity within education with special emphasis on the business sector (Fasko, 2001, p.321). The twenty-first century is an age of globalization, telecommunication and digitalization of various forms of technologies. Therefore, this rapidly changing world demands people to multi-task and have the relevant skills in order to adapt. People need to have the ability to be flexible and process information quickly and efficiently. To succeed in the twenty-first century workforce, it is important for an individual to have certain skills: for example, problems, solving, goal setting and creative thinking skills. According to Jeffrey and Woods (2003, p. 122), an education system can develop these skills by raising and encouraging creativity among students. Education can encourage flexibility, innovation and positive creative thinking among students. Unfortunately, the education system in most institutions also contributes to avoidance of creativity among students. Despite the importance of formal education in the lives of people, most educational systems are failing to recognize the importance of developing creativity among the students. As Shaheen and Robinson (2010) argue, the education system is limiting the extent to which students can discover their creative potential. This is because creativity is not the main objective of the learning and assessment process in education. Most educational systems put more emphasis on the importance of meeting the objectives and goals of the school program but fail to address the importance of creativity among the

COURSE WORK. OIL AND GAS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

COURSE WORK. OIL AND GAS - Assignment Example Esso, Exxon and Mobil are the brands in which the company uses to consolidate the market. These are energy products used in the petrochemical industry, lubrication and transport industry, and companies that require petroleum energy to drive their production (Coll 2012, Abreu 2010 and Choi, 2008). This paper is a report on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that face the company. It provides a critical evaluation of the above elements of the company, and where possible, this paper gives examples, and explains them. The main aim of this analysis is to predict the future potential of the weakness, and advice investors on whether it is wise to invest in this company. The importance of this SWOT analysis is to identify whether it is a wise venture to invest in ExxonMobil. To effectively explain the strengths of the organization, this paper highlights the following issues in regard to ExxonMobil, its position as the most dominant player in its field of operation, and its varied sources of revenue. This paper recognizes the company’s stable economic performance as one of its strengths. This paper identifies and explains the following as the weaknesses of the organization, excessive legal proceedings, employee instability, and a week upstream performance in the United States economy, and its association with dictatorial regimes in African countries such as Chad. It identifies the opportunities of this company as, emerging markets for energy in china, an increase for the demand of liquefied gas, increase in profitability due to its extensive base, among others. In identifying and describing the threats the organization faces, this paper focuses on the economic recession in United States of America and Europe, piracy and terror threats, and laws regulating the environment. This paper has a conclusion, and it is an analysis of the various described, and it gives a recommendation on whether investing in the company is

REVIEW THIESIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

REVIEW THIESIS - Essay Example Additionally, the study also discusses past research findings pertaining to the connection between education and creativity, particularly on how it contributed to success in business education. Moreover, the study will discuss the role of creativity in real life situations and the challenges of incorporating creativity within education with special emphasis on the business sector (Fasko, 2001, p.321). The twenty-first century is an age of globalization, telecommunication and digitalization of various forms of technologies. Therefore, this rapidly changing world demands people to multi-task and have the relevant skills in order to adapt. People need to have the ability to be flexible and process information quickly and efficiently. To succeed in the twenty-first century workforce, it is important for an individual to have certain skills: for example, problems, solving, goal setting and creative thinking skills. According to Jeffrey and Woods (2003, p. 122), an education system can develop these skills by raising and encouraging creativity among students. Education can encourage flexibility, innovation and positive creative thinking among students. Unfortunately, the education system in most institutions also contributes to avoidance of creativity among students. Despite the importance of formal education in the lives of people, most educational systems are failing to recognize the importance of developing creativity among the students. As Shaheen and Robinson (2010) argue, the education system is limiting the extent to which students can discover their creative potential. This is because creativity is not the main objective of the learning and assessment process in education. Most educational systems put more emphasis on the importance of meeting the objectives and goals of the school program but fail to address the importance of creativity among the

The Nature of Science Essay Example for Free

The Nature of Science Essay Science plays an important role in development of mankind, its cultural and technological progress. Science helps humanity to understand natural phenomena and biological changes, evolutionary processes and shifts. Science can be defined as a particular way of knowledge and perception of the world and human beings based on historical information, hypotheses and experiments. Biology and Earth Sciences allows researchers to understand the evolution of species, explain natural phenomena and predict possible changes in the Universe. In fact, the revolutionary changes are invariably prompted by contradictions which occur when the previous concepts are applied to particular phenomena, and it is in the attempts to remove these contradictions that the changes are made. Science can be seen as the criterion of truth. Science is logic of discovery as well as of confirmation. Seeking to reconstruct what happened in the past, Biology and Earth Sciences must and do take as data only presently available written reports, and the presently surviving physical remnants of antiquity; and part of the interest of the research lies in its relevance to present and future situations somehow related to those of the past (Gierer 2000). Science is not a self-contained or self-sustaining activity. The most important it is conducted only in a community that has reached a certain level of intellectual development, which involves and implies social organization, culture, art, and religion, as well as philosophy. Biology and Earth Sciences are closely connected with and depend upon historical progress and cultural development of society which determine that main trends and direction in experiments and research. For instance, during the Middle Ages, Biology and Earth Sciences were influenced by inquisition and dominance of theological doctrines while at the end of 17th-18th century these sciences flourished because of new economic conditions and separation of church and the state. These examples show that Biology and Earth Sciences are part of a culture and cannot exist apart from it. For a long time, people supposed that Earth was flat and the stars related directly to the earth. When humans mastered the cosmos (1961), it has opened a new era in scientific discoveries and the evolution of knowledge. A link between culture, society and biology is evident in current analysis of social settings and impact of biological perquisites on humans: â€Å"One way of asserting the relevance of â€Å"biology for understanding human social behavior is to propose that our understanding of human activities can be greatly enhanced by specific consideration of humans as evolved species shaped by processes of natural selection† (Freese et al 233). In Earth Sciences, scientists can achieve control in the laboratory where results are reproducible. In both Biology and Earth Sciences, the course of science may solve the puzzles researchers have encountered in the application of their theories, anomalies and contradictions arise. For instance, â€Å"serious scientific debates about the neo-Darwinist synthesis as the overarching explanation of the origins of our species are, in the larger scheme of things, disagreements over details† (Freese et al 234). Today, Earth scientists argue about the impact of global warming on population and climate change. These research fields are determined by cultural conditions and historical importance for the mankind. In many cases, changes in philosophical and cultural paradigms paralyze the advance of knowledge producing a crisis which is only removed when eventually a revolution occurs in the thinking and practice of scientists with the introduction of a new conceptual scheme (Gierer 2000). In sum, the nature if science is determined by historical, cultural and philosophical paradigms and the discoveries of the scientists made during a particular period of time. Accepting these restraints on his freedom, the scientist secures to himself the protection given by the community of others who accept the same canons of science and scientific knowledge. References Gierer, A. (2000). On Modern Science, Human Cognition and Cultural Diversity.   Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin. Retrieved 20 March 2007 www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P137.pdf Freese, J., Li, Jui-Chung Allen, Wade, L.D. (2003). The Potential Relevances of Biology to Social Inquiry. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, pp. 233-235.