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The Epic Of Gilgamesh, Religion Of Islam - 2024 Words

As the world develops, morality, ethics and the search of the meaning of life comes in to play. Thus, leading to the creation of cultures, beliefs, rituals, religions and philosophies in order to keep balance and peace in the world and the lives of individuals. Philosophers, authors, and religious authorities have influenced the world to lead our lives with morals and ethics. But how did we come about to wonder whether how we live our life is just or not? The epic of Gilgamesh, religion of Buddhism, the religion of Islam, and the teachings of Confucius are some different ways that individuals are taught to lead moral and ethical lives. Through the moral messages of epics, the guidance of both the Buddhist Eightfold Path and Islam’s Five Pillars, and Kongzi’s Analects’ teachings for attaining Wawei or â€Å"spiritual perfection,† which all could lead to the world attaining peace and purity. The epic of Gilgamesh is a myth or also known as â€Å"a poetic story† about a legendary hero that embarked on a journey to find immortality in order to revive his friend Enkidu. Enkidu had died because he was punished by the god of love, Ishtar, for â€Å"insulting her during the course of their adventures† (The Epic of Gilgamesh, 9). Witnessing the death of his friend Enkidu, Gilgamesh realizes that he is not immortal and decides to embark on a journey to find immortality for himself as well as reviving his friend. At the start of his journey, Gilgamesh is warned by a Goddess named Siduri that â€Å"he willShow MoreRelatedDeath, Mortality, And The Afterlife938 Words   |  4 Pageslike the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Hebrew texture, the Bible and many more stories both historical and religious. All trying to answer the same questions regarding death, mortality and the afterlife. There are 5 immortality narratives that define the human process staying alive, resurrection, soul, a legacy, and wisdom. One of the most historical books that we have of early era is Epic of Gilgamesh. The concept of death, mortality and the afterlife are all the major themes of the book. Gilgamesh who isRead MoreThe Myth Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh has been important to Christians since the time of its revelation in the mid-nineteenth century in the remains of the considerable library at Nineveh, with its record of an all inclusive surge with critical parallels to the Flood of Noah s day. Whatever remains of the Epic, which goes back to conceivably third thousand years B.C., contains little of worth for Christians, since it concerns run of the mill polytheistic myths connected with the agnostic people groups of the timeRead MoreAncient Civilization And Modern Day Iraq And Kuwait Essay1279 Words   |  6 Pagespolytheistic, and had a pan theon consisting of many gods and goddesses, who were anthropomorphic superhumans. The Sumerians held a unique view of creation, the afterlife, and worship. They contributed one of the most well known literary works â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh†, which tells of a hero’s quest to attain immortality. Within the Sumerian pantheon there were hundreds of gods, but four were deemed the most important. This included An, god of the heavens, Enlil, the air god, Enki, the water god, and NinhursagRead MoreThe World Of The Epic2222 Words   |  9 PagesThe world of the epic seems to be in a setting where the wilds are essentially everywhere and around people; mostly uninhabited and quiet. Gods are more distant and lenient towards humans in the epic on most occasions, but they are more wrathful in their fury. However, they are rather fickle in their judgment; some want to save the humans or some want to wipe them out, they cannot pick so easily. In a lot of cases, the gods favor humans for their effort and at other times, they would be envious ofRead MoreThe Gilgamesh Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh2459 Words   |  10 Pages The Epic of Gilgamesh consist of narratives in tablets that effectively forwards the ideology of kingship in Mesopotamia through a compilation of themes. Gilgamesh outward appearance was magnificent, but inwardly he was a relentless tyrannical king. The epic makes it clear that he was beautiful, strong, and wise collectively these facts intertwine with him being one-third god and two-third human. Oddly, Gilgamesh never effectively utilized his assets for the betterment of his people; rather heRead MoreHow Writing Is Important For The Creation Of Organized Societies1564 Words   |  7 Pageswriting made it possible for everyone to communicate their ideas to one another and to future generations. One piece of writing from Mesopotamia is The Epic of Gilgamesh. Widely known as an epic poem, the story of Gilgamesh is considered to be one of the greatest and earliest surviving works of literature. Written in Akkadian, The Epic of Gilgamesh demonstrates the meaning of friendship, resp onsibility, and the invaluable transformation he goes through while seeking immortality. Poems, personalRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Cultures And Societies902 Words   |  4 Pagesculture’s ideas on religion, political philosophy, and medicinal practices. Cultures started to feed off of and evolve from one another, as highlighted in the similarities in ideals across the world. Not all countries adopted the same ideas though, as evident by the many differences in cultures. These similarities and differences are the very foundation of how we think and learn. One of the major sources of similarities and differences across cultures is religion. A similarity across religions is a floodRead MoreReligion Perspective 993 Words   |  4 PagesReligion Perspective When I was a child, I was a devout Catholic. I went to church every week and prayed before I went to bed. It wasnt until I was a teenager when I started to question the faith. I started reading more and more about religion, and why I pray and go to church every Sunday, Christianity in particular. I soon realized that it was fabricated by man, but with good intentions. One major problem I had is that it stifles the intellectual mind and has a particular definite way of lookingRead MoreThe Contributions of Ancient Civilizations to History Essay855 Words   |  4 Pagescivilization was located in Southern Mesopotamia, known as Sumer. The Sumerians invented the first writing known as Cuneiform. We are left with tens of thousands of written records on many aspects of the Sumerians, the most notable of these being the Epic of Gilgamesh. This is an account of a legendary Sumerian King, the first ever of its kind. The Sumerians are also responsible for inventing the wheel. Originally used to make pottery, but later being used on donkey driven carts and chariots. The SumeriansRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Bible1988 Words   |  8 Pagesto him saying â€Å"In my name, conquer†. His victory and vision is said to be the leading cause for his passion of the Christian faith. At the time, Rome held many different religious beliefs, mostly Christian subsets. Because there wasn’t one unified religion, Constantine made it his mission to bring his people together. Because there was so much diversity, he had to decide what the proper way to worship was so he brought in all the religious leaders to debate the Bible itself and unify the church. For

The main problem of the high amount Free Essays

Alcoholism has always taken its toll on people, when they can stop controlling their habit, which would ultimately lead them to destruction in the form of alcohol abuse.   The people of Alaska are going through the same phase, and their rate of acceleration of the abuse is getting pretty much alarming. The main problem of the high amount of alcohol abuse in the state, can not only just be blamed at the people, but also should be blamed at the authority over them. We will write a custom essay sample on The main problem of the high amount or any similar topic only for you Order Now Somehow the government’s function machinery seems too weak to handle the problem, and no proper steps have been taken till date that would help curb the problem. The relaxed laws, are the icing on the cake when it comes to the abuse in alcohol, as people have taken it for granted and know about the maximum punishment the state has to offer, when it comes to over drinking or to Alaska’s biggest problem, ‘underage drinking’; which is why the pathetic condition of the state in regards to alcoholism can be seen. Curbing the problem is not very easy, and steps have to be taken which have to be imaginative and out of the way category to put an end to the state’s meaningless alcoholism. More care can be given in counseling in schools, so that children from the age of 12 understand the bad effects of alcoholic abuse, and can learn to compete and to tackle the pressure of alcoholic parents and the pressures of the peer group to remain sober. Laws should be more vindictive when it’s coming to alcoholism in the state, and harsher punishments should be given than just monetary fines. People committing crime under the influence of alcohol, should be punished more strictly than compared to other states, as there is a serious rise in alcohol related crimes and felonies. More forces should be used to curtail smugglers providing illegal liquor in dry areas, as they have almost ruined the small rural areas of the state. A proposed solution to the problem would be that every person in the state, should be given liquor permits, on the basis of compulsory psychological and physical tests, where his limit to alcohol would be based on the severity of his alcoholic problem, giving the government insights of severity of citizens along with getting sound demographic knowledge of alcohol abused areas. Since the beginning of civilization, man has always had tried to acquire a habit, that would keep him occupied and would make him content, at the cost of others. Strange as it may seem, man had developed the production of alcohol not too far after he understood the concept of still agriculture, and end of nomadic life also bought in an era of a time, where the concept of being in an inebriated state was realized. Alcohol has been introduced and has been cherished by all the civilizations that have come and that have been responsible for the development of mankind. Alcohol in those times, were used as medicine, God offerings, for nutrition purposes and was used for different sets of rituals and traditions that the natives followed apart from gratification. In today’s times, alcohol has become an integral part of our culture, and apart from beer and wine, which were the olden times favorite beverages, we have now options for the choicest of choicest drinks and cocktails available to us with great ease. Any pleasure activity that is done in control is well appreciated, but the problem occurs with an uncontrollable desire to continue doing pleasure activities, without understanding the consequences, and falling into the trap of addiction. This addiction trap, initial gains access to individuals, then groups, then large sections of the society, and finally it consumes an entire state, like the current condition of Alaska.   Alaska, is probably the best example of effects of alcohol abuse on a very large scale, and the whole state’s function is collapsing and the state output is being wastedon it residents, as the inhabitants of the state have reached a stage known as â€Å"disease of dependency†, because of high alcohol consumption. The problem with the state is it’s firstly very sparsely populated, and it suffers from a high percentage from the phenomenon of brain drain right after high school. Moreover in the winter the climate goes down berserk, and temperature can go down below -50 degree Celsius. This extreme cold also prompts the natives to drink more than the quota of an average American, and the natives love for alcohol has given the state an average of alcohol consumption more than double when compared to the national average for alcohol consumption. The report of the Alaska native federation stated the alcohol abuse has badly gripped the state of Alaska, and the entire state was heading for doom, as the effects of the alcohol were quiet drastic. How to cite The main problem of the high amount, Papers

Quantitative and Qualitative Research Method

Question: Discuss about the Quantitative and Qualitative Research Method. Answer: Introduction: Quantitative Research is an objective research and it is appropriate to use it for studying relationship between different variables which could be independent, dependent or extraneous. The questions in this kind of research start with when, how, do/does etc. Questions like How often do you visit a movie theatre? require the use of this method for collecting numerical data as this research deals in numbers and focuses more on numeric and unchanging data (Castellan, 2010). Different types of instruments used in this research include surveys and questionnaires. The questions used are mostly close-ended but may provide an option for subjectivity to understand the outliers. These close-ended questions help the researcher quantify the data from the number of responses. A Likert scale is a 5 or 7 point scale which ranges from Strongly agree to strongly disagree (Figure 1) and is used when underlying attitudes or opinions to a particular question have to be measured. Numerical data having a baseline along with improvements being depicted by a line graph can be collected in cases where there are variations in one or more variables over a time period that is continuous. They are useful in identification of trends and patterns in the data like turning points, large changes and seasonal effects for example annual rates of unemployment and monthly rainfall. Statistical data analysis is employed particularly for supporting hypotheses and providing the credibility to both the research methodology as well as the conclusions. It is used when researchers need assistance in evaluating the usefulness and credibility of the information and making appropriate decisions based on it (Leedy Ormrod, 2016). Qualitative Research Qualitative research is a subjective research and intends to understand peoples experiences of a particular issue. Being exploratory in nature, it does not start with a preconceived hypothesis. It is used when the researcher doesnt know what the responses to a research would be and hence would want to discover the same through research (Burnard, Gill, Stewart, Treasure, Chadwick, 2008). Qualitative methodology is useful for collecting narrative data at times when the real life experiences have to be investigated by the researcher(Paiva, 2008). The questions for this research would be open-ended and would normally start with what or how. For example - how do college students celebrate their Independence day? Data collection is mostly in form of words which requires the researchers to go through the whole transcript of interviews several times for understanding the experience of each participant. Researchers themselves are the instruments and they observe the behaviors of people while collecting the data. This is one of the reasons why Qualitative research has emergent design i.e. the method of their study may change, during the process of collecting the data for a particular research, because some new data has come to light which will impact the purpose of the study and the researcher needs to include/observe for himself the impact of the new data. Quotations can be collected for reflecting the experiences of the participants particularly in cases where sales and marketing presentations have to be made. The own words of the participants on the meaning and value of solutions and products provide high credibility levels and are invaluable for marketing and selling products (Weddle, 2013). Bibliography Burnard, P., Gill, P., Stewart, K., Treasure, E., Chadwick, B. (2008). Analyzing and presenting qualitative date. British Dental Journal , 429 - 432 . Castellan, C. (2010). Quantitative and Qualitative Research: A View for Clarity . International Journal of Education . Leedy, P., Ormrod, J. (. (2016). Practical research Planning and design. Boston, MA: Pearson. Paiva, V. (2008). Narrative research: an introduction. Weddle, A. (2013, March 4). In Participants Own Voices: Using Quotations from User Research Ethically. Retrieved January 29, 2017, from UX Matters: https://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2013/03/in-participants-own-voices-using-quotations-from-user-research-ethically.php

Henry Longfellow, Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman Flashcard

Henry Longfellow, Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman

Management consultancy is an insecure business Essays

Management consultancy is an insecure business Essays Management consultancy is an insecure business Essay Management consultancy is an insecure business Essay Management consultancy is an insecure concern â€Å"Management s seemingly relentless appetency for ‘solutions’ can be partially accounted for by the manner in which consultancy patterns, and the thoughts they promote, provide clients with the chance of a reassuring sense of control over organisation and individuality and yet at the same time reenforce such insecurities.† ( Sturdy, 1997 ) Indeed, Johansson ( 2004 ) claims that story-telling has been identified as a metaphor for direction consulting, as it focuses on the adviser as the â€Å"impression manager† . The converting power of strong narratives told by advisers is emphasised in Johansson’s article, in which direction consulting is conceptualised through the metaphor of story-making, placing co-operation and contemplation as characteristic characteristics. A specific consultancy procedure is interpreted as a co-operative attempt between the adviser and the client it which secret plan lines and characters are constructed, with secret plan s being either opened or closed and characters can be settled or negotiated. Therefore, story-making as a brooding act moves between heightening contemplation and preparing for action, and helps relieve client insecurities, by stating them a narrative where the consultant’s concluding solution is the 1 that fits the client’s demands. In contrast, Collins ( 2004 ) assesses the virtues of analyses that have called for a more developed and constructive academic battle with the direction consultancy industry. He argues that efforts to restructure academic involvement in the consulting industry will make little to better our grasp of the complex and mediated nature of direction advice so long as these both foremost remain trussed to a repudiation docket, and secondly concentrate entirely on the production of advice. As a consequence of these statements, he attempts to refocus attending on the ingestion of direction cognition, and on the users of advice, whilst directing attending to the users of formulas and cookery books as a metaphor. Hence, the article argues that a more constructive relationship with direction practicians awaits those who can â€Å"conceive of the grounds, fortunes and procedures that might interpret concern procedure reengineering ( BPR ) into entire quality direction ( TQM ) and ‘brandy b utter’ into ‘vodka margarine’.† In other words, Collins appears to believe that there advisers who can offer existent, touchable and mensurable solutions, instead than replies to client insecurities, have the chance to develop better relationships with their clients, and therefore diminish their exposure to market motions. Indeed, Craig ( 2005 ) is one of the biggest advocates of the instance against direction consultancy companies, and has existent credibleness, holding worked as a direction adviser for 20 old ages. Whilst Craig does non really cite the theories of Karl Marx ( 1867 ) , but he does corroborate Marx s observation that the staunchest advocators of capitalist economy will ever seek to pull strings the system in their favor. For illustration, a typical direction consultancy contract stipulates that the client will pick up the measure for the adviser s travel disbursals, which sounds sensible, until you consider that most consultancies have a trade with a travel agent, or agents, vouching them an terminal of twelvemonth volume price reduction. So, whilst the bill will be right at the clip of entry, the existent cost will be up to 25 per cent lupus erythematosus, a derived function that ends up in the consultancy’s histories, demoing that said consultancies are frequently diffident as to whether or non they will bring forth adequate gross from fees entirely. With respects to the work itself, harmonizing to Craig, most advisers are glorified time-and-motion analysts whose solution constantly plundering a big proportion of the work force. Once that has been achieved, along with the obvious cost nest eggs, they so move on to doing more money by selling â€Å"technology solutions† which, it emerges, are about ever contradictions in footings, as the jobs associated with the installing and direction of the new engineering frequently outweigh its benefits. Indeed, this is perchance one of the best illustrations of the insecurities which drive the industry: directors at houses are frequently so out of touch with modern engineering, and worried about being left buttocks, that they are willing to pass big sums of capital on implementing new systems, without sing whether or non they need them. ( Czarniawska and Mazza, 2003 ) It can credibly be argued that if concerns are foolish and insecure plenty to ask for advisers in, and so accept sub criterion or gratuitous work from them, so that is their job. Bruce ( 2004 ) argues that the thoughts of independency, nonpartisanship and good sense should be at the bosom of any direction plan, but these traits are mostly ignored by most companies. Therefore, the history of direction thoughts has been one of the seamless flows of ways by which companies, with a small aid from a consultancy house, have sought to transform their concern methods. However, these direction ‘fads’ have frequently been extraordinary, with nest eggs from changed procedures or additions in stockholder value, which seem to get down turn overing through the organisation, and frequently rather echt advantages do accrue. However, whilst most of these plans have produced initial successes, after a twosome of old ages, the direction squad which instigated the immense consultancy plan s tarts to interrupt up as people move on, and the new squad that bit by bit assembles does non needfully desire to transport on with what are now the old thoughts, as they are connected with the jobs and insecurities of the old direction. Besides, particularly when the consultancy favours manner and storytelling over substance, â€Å"it becomes really hard to place which successes or failures are to make with the planetary or domestic economic system traveling in different way and which to make with the internal and external attempts at the company.† ( Bruce, 2004 ) Many writers claim that the manner for ‘consultant bashing’ began with the most successful consultancy craze of recent history, re-engineering, which was driven by the managerial position of their current systems and processes as being outdated and deficient. â€Å"Critics claim that advisers treated re-engineering as a panacea for every complaint, and that they ignored the human side of direction, giving such intangible goods as committedness and creativeness to short-run efficiency. As a consequence, re-engineering normally led to demoralization and break instead than the radical betterments in efficiency touted by its proponents.† ( Wooldridge, 1997 ) Significantly, the academic laminitiss of re-engineering theory accept many of these charges, though they blame the direction advisers who, they say, misunderstood and misapplied their thoughts, in an effort to suit re-engineering to any job they discovered at a company. Although Wooldridge claims that many advoca tes of the theory admit that most efforts at re-engineering have ended in failure, Fincham and Evans ( 1999 ) explored concern procedure reengineering as a consultancy solution in the context of strategic alteration direction, instead than simply a one off ‘cure all’ attack. The found that modern procedure techniques used in consultancy, together with the nature of the responsible adviser function as being accountable to client, lead to the development of solutions which reliant on techniques and conceptual models, and therefore provided existent, touchable benefits. However Wooldridge ( 1997 ) claimed that these developments were excessively late, and that the recoil against re-engineering has turned into a recoil against direction crazes in general, and against the advisers who push them. Critics have two chief ailments, the first of which is that crazes fail to present, with re-engineering programmes being launched with great ostentation, merely to melt out as employees get bored, and directors move on to the following thing. Indeed, many consultancies react, and promote, managerial insecurity, by presenting so many crazes at the same time that directors have no opportunity of implementing them. The 2nd ailment is that, even where crazes lead to action, they frequently do more injury than good, by converting companies that they are undertaking their jobs, whilst deflecting clip and attending from the existent concern of direction. Above all, they frequently prompt the incorrect sort of action, frequently doing companies to acquire rid of in-between directors whose experience and connexions are unreplaceable, and bring forthing a â€Å"cult of empowerment† ( Wooldridge, 1997 ) , which has been blamed for promoting Bankss such as Denudations to manus excessively much power to junior staff, who so abused said power. In decision, many critics point out that many of the universe s best companies neer bother with crazes, as they have the assurance to trust on their ain judgement, and they have the common sense to gain that their jobs are peculiar to them and can non be treated with off-the-rack redresss. This can be said to be true of any peculiar company, and therefore direction consultancy can so by an insecure concern, if directors are insecure plenty to allow it be sold to them as such. However, if a house has the intelligence, common sense, and nervus to demand a trim solution, specific to their company’s jobs, so they can bask existent benefits from the alone solutions and external cognition and experience that consultancy houses can convey. Mentions: Bruce, R. ( 2004 )Is it clip to interrupt the adviser s enchantment?Accountancy ; Vol. 133, Issue 1329, p. 22. Collins, D. ( 2004 )Who put the con in consultancy? Fads, formulas and ‘vodka margarine’ .Human Relations ; Vol. 57, Issue 5, p. 553. Craig, D. ( 2005 )Heist! : The Scandalous Inside Story of the Management Consulting Money Machine.Original Book Company. Czarniawska, B. and Mazza, C. ( 2003 )Consulting as a liminal infinite.Human Relations ; Vol. 56, Issue 3, p. 267. Fincham, R. and Evans, M. ( 1999 )The advisers violative: Reengineering from craze to technique.New Technology, Work A ; Employment ; Vol. 14, Issue 1, p. 32. Johansson, A. W. ( 2004 )Consulting as story-making.Journal of Management Development ; Vol. 23, Issue 4, p. 339. Marx, K. ( 1867 )Das Kapital ; Vol 1.Progress Publishers ; Moscow, USSR. ( Published 1887 ) Sturdy, A. ( 1997 )The Consultancy Process-An Insecure Business?Journal of Management Studies ; Vol. 34, Issue 3, p. 389. Wooldridge, A. ( 1997 )The recoil begins.The Economist ; Vol. 342, Issue 8009, Management consultancy study, p. 20.

Select a historic building in the UK that you consider to be at-risk Assignment

Select a historic building in the UK that you consider to be at-risk and suitable for rescue by a Building Preservation Tr - Assignment Example Next Steps after Writing a Conservation Statement 17 7.1. Actions to be taken 17 7.2. Reports to be undertaken 17 7.3. Timetable 18 18 8.0. Adoption and Review 18 19 19 9.0. References 20 10.0. Bibliography 22 11.0. Appendix 23 1.0. Introduction to Conservation Statement Elvaston Castle is a historic monument located in Derbyshire, England. It is situated 4 miles to the south-west of Derby. The castle covers an area of 200 acres, which also comprise of its parkland and formal gardens. It is one of the most popular 16th century castles in England. Among the major characteristics of the building, the castle has many gardens, which was designed and nurtured during the 20th century. Adding to that, there are acres of land covering woodlands, parklands, a lake and some picnic areas. The castle is listed as Grade II among the buildings in the UK owing to its importance as a centrepiece of the estate. The entire estate is currently noted to be under the supervision of the Derbyshire County Council, since World War II, following which, the building was completely damaged. However, owing to certain funding issues for its repair, the estate has been up for sale to private companies since the year 2000 (Derbyshire County Council, 2013). The Elvaston castle was re-built in the 18th century by the Sir Thomas Hanselin,  with the intention to make it as residence. ... Correspondingly, partnership can be maintained with the local authority and the country council, which was previously responsible for the maintenance of the building (Elvaston Castle, n.d.). The main intention of writing the conservation statement is to develop clear findings regarding the present issues associated with Elvaston castle, so that these aspects can prove beneficial in enhancing the efficiency of the conservation management plan. 2.0. Understanding the Building and Setting 2.1. Historical Overview The ownership of the building has seen changed in several occasions, right from the 16th century. Sir Thomas Hanselin was the founder and the real owner of the estate. However, as per records, the ownership of the mansion was first passed to the Earl of Harrington, following which the building was redesigned to be used as a residence. Over the period of time, it has been utilized for various purposes, which primarily included it being used as a teaching centre during the post W orld War II period; as a residence and as tourist attraction in the modern era. Accordingly, there have been significant changes in the design, content, ownership and use of the mansion in the passage of time. The building had been redesigned in several occasions with final adjustments being done by the famous architect Lewis Nockalls Cottingham. The content of the estate was later enriched with the addition of the gardens and the country park in course of time. As mentioned in the above section, the ownership of the estate passed from 4th Earl to the Needlers Development Company and currently, to the Derbyshire County Council. It was used by the Earl’s family for many

Inventory Management and Replenishment of Components Assignment

Inventory Management and Replenishment of Components - Assignment Example The critical replenishment parameters for item H1: Item H1 reflects a non-existing or poor inventory control strategy. The need to adopt floor-ready merchandise would address the uncertainty of replenishment. Such model allows the implementation of a rapid stock-replenishment strategy. Besides, adoption of continuous replenishment or supplier-assisted inventory replenishment would assist in streamlining H1. Adoption of Periodic review and Continuous review (Silver, 1998; Moustakis, 2000). Refers to the frequencies of evaluation that determines when to place an order for the replenishment. To place a replenishment order, a pre-determined level (re-order level or re-order point) is set so guide continuous reviewing process when the stock falls below the inventory level. Continuous review is most appropriate for companies using IT systems in tracking inventories. H1 could also be reviewed periodically. Under this model, inventories are evaluated at a particular frequency. During the rev iew, if the stock levels are below the predetermined level a replenishment order would be placed (Silver, 1998; Moustakis, 2000). However, if it is still within the cycle, the reordering would be ignored. Using the fixed stock quantity (230 units) together with a reorder quantity of 300 units are used alongside the continuous review. It assumes an Instantaneous replenishment of order. Involves placing orders when it falls below the 300 units re-order level (which is predetermined). The process triggers order when the stock falls below a predetermined reorder level.

Family Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Family Interview - Essay Example nter with a close relative like an aunt in this case gives an insight into the effect of the colonial socio-political and economic structure that has remained to define Haiti society to date. Critical assessment of the Haiti history shows significant cultural homogeneity with emphasis on religious practices that is dominated by Christianity. Of sensitive interest is the voodoo religion which can be traced back to the central African natives blended with American natives during the slavery period. It is therefore in the interest of the scholars and general public to understand the series of social reconstruction that Haiti has gone through in order to attain its current identity. Even the name was changed and some events are undertaken to date in commemoration of the French departure in the era of Marcus guvey.A family interview forms an important primary source of data in as far as the history and contemporary culture of Haiti is concerned. Besides, the information obtained reflect s ignificant overall socio-economic and political trend across Latin America. My Aunt who was the respondent in this interview used the concept of health as being based on the equilibrium and balance between hot (cho) and cold (fret). She holds the strong belief that sadness, excessive anger and fear are key health contributors. She believes that the spiritual well being i.e. being prayerful is an indication of spiritual good while illness is a result of a wrong doing and disrespect to the deity. Growing up in the Port au Prince Haiti, my Aunt had three sisters and four brothers. Her parents were raised in Haiti though moved to the US in their late twenties. She went to the United States when she was twenty eight and grew up together with her siblings, which strengthened the family bond between them. They are so close that a day barely passes without the siblings meeting. My Aunts mother was born in Ouanaminthe which is a small town in the Northern part of Haiti, with an approximated

Concepts of Cultural Artefacts

Concepts of Cultural Artefacts This paper discusses about cultural artefacts and the concepts of the cultural artefacts. It also provides the artefacts of the cultural in order to represent the cultural events, economics and the entertainments. This paper analyses the details of the artifact that related to the values and the beliefs of the culture and it also investigates the deep cultural roots of the artefacts. It analyses the historical roots that are allowed to the artefacts of the culture. This paper examines the influences of the artefacts to the development of the cultural period. It also concludes with this concept by providing the better evolution that might undergo to the cultural artefacts. Cultural artefacts The artifact is the one that made by the human being and typically it is an item of historical interest. The cultural artifact is made by observing something in a scientific way of investigation and that is naturally presented. The artifact is the element in which the historical events, situations, entertainment, heritage can be identified by the human being. The artefacts include the function, architecture the designs and so on for the identification of the cultural influences. It is the historical tools that can deliver the environment of the earlier cultural people. The cultural artefacts have the deep roots in the case of representing the philosophy, religion, and economics of the earlier culture. In the case of African culture, the music was the main artifact on their culture and the impact of the music on the African culture positively. Their society and the regions are contributing the musical traditions. The music was the better influence on the African culture and they impact their heritage, entertainment and the social perspectives of the African culture. In earlier, many languages were spoken by African and those languages led the connection among the music in their local cultures. The African music influenced the language, the environment, politics, a variety of cultures, and the population movement of the Africans. African culture had characterised by the cultures, traditions, beliefs, religions and the artistic expressions. African people had integrated music in their daily actions and the music was the inspiration part of their lives. The forms of the music influenced their traditions, beliefs and religious and the artistic expression and the values. The forms of the music also contributed in the case of love appreciation among the African people and their music involved in the case of community participation. In African culture, the musical practises have influenced the social, economic, and the political structures and they impact the African people positively. The musical traditions of Africa were dynamic, and the music practises had modified the African culture throughout the creative and the traditions were articulated inter-generationally. The musical traditions of Africa had impacted by various factors that are trade, colonialism, religious expansion, and the migration. The African music traditions were popular and they got the positive feedback from other countries by their performance in the case of composing music. The African music became very famous in the case of expressing their opinions, contentions, share philosophy and display the critiques. The African musical traditions were utilized for the communication, synchronization, adversity and so on. The music was composed not only for entertainment and but for delivering the philosophical messages and the concepts of the African culture. African students were engaged to discussing the variety of artists for the evaluation of the musical direction and so on. African musical practises were provided with emotion, power, rhythm that are through the field hollerers, work songs and the blues. African music had set the standards and they became the source of the perfect music styles in their culture. The African musical traditions were very popular when compared to other cultures and hence they have the capability to cover the audience. Musical traditions were the functional in Africanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ethnic life and that were accompanying birth, marriage, hunting and political activities. The music traditions were involved in the case of politics, economic and the social perspectives of the African culture. African people were traditionally ensures the passage of the cultural practises from one generation to another. The historical accounts of the African music and the dance can be found from the oral literature of the African culture. The aesthetic and the utilitarian were the functions and they were served by the African musical traditions. The functions involved in everyday activities of the African people such as child rearing practises, national ceremonies, initiation rules and the agricultural activities. They were considered as the historical roots of the African musical traditions. The musical practises of the African were played a vital role in the case of religious influence. The number of musical songs was provided for the Christian services and hence the musical practises encourage the Christianity in African culture. On the other hand the Islamic and the Arabic people were also composing the musical concepts for their culture and the religion. In the case of political activities, the African musical practises were utilised for addressing the activities in the African culture. The African political department recognized the musical practises to enhance the entertainment of the African people and to enhance the society of the Africa in the case of music. The one of the music historical root was politics for the musical artefacts in Africa. The social, political and the economical factors were the historical roots of the African musical practises. The political ways of approach was the responsible for the musical development in Africa and they allowed the music to enhance in future. In traditional cultural period, the African music was motivated for the enhancement and the musical cultural period was from 1889-1990. During that time the music composers were developed and now also they are providing the better contribution in the case of developing the musical artefacts. The major development has occurred in the case of musical artefacts between 1889 and 1990. The anticipation will be effective in the musical practises to the African future generation. The musical technologies will be developed more in future culture of Africa and the people will be excellent in the case of composing musical and the dance artefacts. They will be the best music composers in the world when compared to other cultures. This musical artifact will be passed to the future generation of the Africa as perfect and they will be also motivated the musical composers and this artifact will get the higher value among the future generations. This entertainment will provide the better outcome to African culture and to the future generations. In future, the evolution of the musical artifact will be rhythm, melody and the harmony and they can provide the better musical experience to the musical artefacts. The evolution of the music will be effective for the future generations and the music artefacts will be delivered with the various technologies in African culture. African culture was the sources of the musical artefacts and they could only provide the various types of musical methods. The African culture will be modified by the utilization of the western music artefacts and this will be future evolution. Conclusion African cultural artefacts and the importance of their artefacts were discussed. The relationship of the musical artefacts with the beliefs and the African cultural perspectives were described. The historical roots of the African culture were detailed and the cultural periods of African artefacts were examined. The future evolution and the anticipation of the musical artifact was concluded.

Explain what is meant by the full employment level of National Income :: Economics

Explain what is meant by the full employment level of National Income and Equilibrium level of National Income. Why might these levels of income be different? National Income is the level of total output, expenditure or income of an economy over a period of time. The main measure of NY used around the world today is Gross Domestic Product, or GDP. This is a measure of all domestic production, that is, production not including trade, which takes into account the value of indirect taxes such as GST. Full employment level of National Income means the level of total output attained when unemployment is at a socially acceptable level. In most cases this is around 5%, however it does tend to vary. If a government sets a target unemployment level and this is reached, the economy is said to be operating at full employment (Nf). Full employment also includes something called the natural rate of unemployment, which includes seasonal and frictional unemployment, as well as those individuals who do not wish to be employed. In other words, the natural rate of unemployment is the proportion of the workforce which voluntarily remain unemployed whilst the labour market is in equilibrium. We can see, therefore, that full employment may include some unemployment, although it is usually a small percentage of the working population. Equilibrium level of employment, however, may have a larger level of unemployment. The diagram below represents a situation in which the full employment level is illustrated. National Income $100b This diagram presents a situation where the SRAS and the AD curve intersect on the LRAS and $100b is the NY. The terms used in the diagram must be explained. SRAS stands for short run aggregate supply, which is the relationship between the aggregate supply of all final goods and services and the price level, holding all else constant. In the short run, the prices of final goods and services can change, but the factor prices do not. Because of this, it is not possible to generalise the time period referred to by the word short, as factor prices can change at any time for numerous reasons. The SRAS is upward sloping because of the law of diminishing returns, that is some inputs can increase whilst others may not, and the fact that resource bottlenecks may occur when the economy moves towards Nf. AD stands for aggregate demand,, which is the sum of all planned spending in an economy. The slope of the AD curve is due to the income effect and the substitute effect. AD is calculated by Consumption + Investment + Government spending + (Exports – Imports), or

Tqm – Total Quality Management

Available online at http://www. journalcra. com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH International Journal of Current Research Vol. 3, Issue, 3, pp. 149-153, March, 2011 3 ISSN: 0975-833X REVIEW ARTICLE TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN EDUCATION 1Jayakumaran, M. and 2Manoharan, C. 1Department of Management Studies, Kalasalingam University, Virudhunagar (Dt. ) Tamil Nadu, India 2Department of Education, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India ARTICLE INFO Article History: Received 18th December, 2010 Received in revised form 21st January, 2011 Accepted 29th February, 2011 Published online 13th March, 2011ABSTRACT After Second World War the United States of America was forced to improve the production of Quality of goods and services. Total Quality Management (TQM) concept was developed by an American W. EDWARDS DEMING. Still 1980s the Japanese only were concentrating in TQM concept where they dominated in world markets. There is a myth the use of TQM which is applicable o nly in Business and Industry where the production process are being made but the new concept of TQM is also applicable to Academics. Many educators strongly believe that the Deming concept provides guiding principles to make reform in educational system.Also Mr. John Joy Bonstingl, an educationalist out lines the TQM principles. Hence the authors of this paper strongly believe the TQM principles are most relevant to education.  © Copy Right, IJCR, 2011, Academic Journals. All rights reserved. Key words: Business and In Educational system Total Quality Management INTRODUCTION In any organization when the term â€Å"Quality Management principle† first it must focus on its suppliers and customers. In a TQM organization, everyone is both a customer and supplier; this confusing concept emphasizes â€Å"the systematic nature of the work in which all are involved†.In other words, teamwork and collaboration are essential. Traditionally, education has been prone to individual and departmental isolation. However, according to Bostingl, this outdated practice no longer serves us: â€Å"When I close the classroom door, those Kids are mine! † is a notion too narrow to survive in a world in which teamwork and collaboration result in high quality benefits for the greatest number of people. The application of the first pillar of TQM in education emphasizes the synergistic relationship between the â€Å"suppliers† and â€Å"customers†. Corresponding author: [email  protected] com The concept of synergy suggests that performance and production is enhanced by pooling the talent and experience of individuals. In a classroom, teacherstudent teams are the equivalent of industry’s front-line workers. The product of their successful work together is the development of the student’s capabilities, interests, and character. In one sense, the student is the teacher’s customer, as the recipient of educational services provided fo r the student’s growth and improvement.Viewed in this way, the teacher and the school are suppliers of effective learning tools, environments, and systems to the student, who is the school’s primary customer. The school is responsible for providing for the long-term educational welfare of students by teaching them how to learn and communicate in high-quality ways, how to access quality in their own work and in that of others, and how to invest in their own lifelong and life-wide learning processes by maximizing 150 International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 3, Issue 3, pp. 149-153, March, 2011 pportunities for growth in every aspect of daily life. In another sense, the student is also a worker, whose product is essentially his or her own continuous improvement and personal growth. Continuous Improvement and Self Evaluation The second pillar of TQM applied to education is the total dedication to continuous improvement, personally and collectively. Within a Total Qu ality school setting, administrators work collaboratively with their customers: teachers. The foundations of â€Å"Scientific Management† were fear, intimidation, and an adversarial approach to problem-solving.Today it is in our best interest to encourage everyone’s potential by dedicating ourselves to the continual improvement of our own abilities and those of the people with whom we work and live. Total Quality is, essentially, a win-win approach which works to everyone’s ultimate advantage. According to Deming, no human being should ever evaluate another human being. Therefore, TQM emphasizes self-improvement process. In addition, this principle also laminates to the focusing on students’ strengths, individual learning styles, and different types of intelligences.A System of Ongoing Process The third pillar of TQM as applied in education is the recognition of the organization as a system and the work done within the organization must be seen as an ongo ing process. The primary implication of this principle is that individual students and teachers are less to blame for failure than the system in which they work. Quality speaks to working on the system, which must be examined to identify and eliminate the flawed processes that allow its participants to fail.Since systems are made in the quality of those processes largely determine the quality of the resulting product. In the new paradigm of learning , continual improvement of learning outcomes replaces the outdated â€Å"teach and test† mode. Leadership The fourth TQM principle applied to education is that the success of TQM is the responsibility of top management. The school teachers must establish the context in which students can best achieve their potential through the continuous improvement that results from teachers and students working together.Teachers who emphasize content area literacy and principle-centered teaching provide the leadership, framework, and tools nece ssary for continuous improvement in the learning process. Evidences show same Business forms like American Express, ford, IBM, Motorola, Procter & Gamble, and Xerox hired university Graduates who are literate in TQM. They said in an open letter published in 1991 in the Harvard Business Review with bringing total quality to higher education. Contrary to instruction and research practices in the university. TQM is team-based. However, Faculty members, are notorious independents.So students are it’s dog-eat-dog in the classroom. Also, TQM calls for cross-functional thinking, planning, and doing. Faculties and curricula are highly specialized and professors avidly protect their turf. We might add that universities are tradition-bound, whereas TQM trumps for continuous change. Infact, TQM initiatives are appearing here and there in academia. There are a few good reasons why this may continue, though perhaps fitfully. They have to do with opportunities to innovate and explore new i nstructional and research horizons, which have strong appeal for most academics.Business, economics, engineering and related tool disciplines (information systems and mathematics/statistics), plus other professional schools, are particularly affected by total quality management. Business and Economics Colleges of business and economics include specializations in operations management, marketing, business policy and strategy, management accounting, corporate finance, financial accounting and auditing, human resource management, organizational behavior, and economics. TQM offers differing challenges and attractions for each. Operations Management TQM affects nearly all of the operations management agenda.A primary focus on modeling for efficiency gives way under TQM to planning and doing for and with the customer. The customer outlook in turn, calls for major overhauls in the operations management approach to scheduling, equipment selection, facility layout, maintenance, inventory man agement, and quality assurance. Briefly, schedules, equipment, layout, and inventory management must be geared for quick reaction to customer needs, not just to efficiency and utilization and process control must replace breakdown maintenance and delayed inspection.Operations Management professors have a special reason for heading the call of TQM. They had failed to stay abreast of an important operations management movement called Materials Requirement Planning (MRP) that emerged in industry in the 1970s. The MRP juggernaut had become OM’s leading edge in the real world of manufacturing, but for a decade OM text books and journals said little or nothing about it. To catch up and stay caught up, OM professors, in droves , joined the 151 International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 3, Issue 3, pp. 49-153, March, 2011 professional societies, where they could keep an eye on fast –changing developments. And they began publishing heavily in practitioner periodicals, whic h they fought to elevate to tenure-class status. Then, when TQM and related topics made their appearance, Operations Management faculties where not far behind marketing. In TQM thinking, the customer is the object. Which university specialty has charged of customers marketing? TQM concepts load easily into topic outlines in marketing courses and into marketing research hypotheses.In practice, marketers and salespeople have carried the burden of having to cover up for their organizations defects, late completions, and other customer service failings. As TQM kicks in with continuous improvement quality, timeliness, and so on, the burden is lifted somewhat. Each improvement is marketable—in proposals, in advertising, in sales promotions. For example, Ford Motor Company’s slogan, now a decade old is, â€Å"Quality Is Job One†. Putting a more positive face on their function holds appeal for marketing professors and students as well as practicing marketers.Business po licy and strategy system favored filling stockrooms, even with wrong models and substandard quality, to absorb overhead costs. JIT, however, puts the damper on stockroom filling, and total quality shrinks the production of lesserquality goods. Such improvements show up perversely as bad performance(negative cost variances) in monthly cost reports. So ABC comes to the rescue. If done right, ABC will assign less overhead cost (rework, scrap ,stock management, and so on) to products undergoing continuous improvement – especially in cycle time.A few management accounting professors are finding still another challenge to pursue: working out ways of putting the cost of quality into financial statements. I have raised questions on the wisdom of this( Schonberger 1994). Corporate finance A related area ripe for research is how to give quality, responsiveness, flexibility, and customer satisfaction their due in capital budgeting instead of relegating such factors to the last page of t he capital expenditure proposal under the heading â€Å"Intangible†.Financial accounting and auditing Such important TQM-oriented topics as benchmarking, quality function deployement, and customer-centered strategic principles need an academic home. These topics seem general enough to find their way into instruction in several disciplines. However, they deal specifically with matters central to the business policy/strategy area: directing internal resources toward enhanced competitiveness and customer retention. To a certain extent, total quality becomes strategy—and perhaps should be taught that way.Management accounting TQM does not permit cost, efficiency, and resource use to remain as primary operational measures of its performance. Quality in all dimensions dominates. Because management accountants have been the guardians of performance measurement, the challenge of reinventing performance management is largely theirs. Thus, a decade ago leading management account ing professors. Notably Harvard professor Robert Kaplan, began arguing that performance should be measured in non-financial terms, including quality, inventory levels and deliverability.Although some academics in management accounting may not welcome the idea of non-momentary measures, most have been easily caught up in the excitement of activity-based costing(ABC). ABC arose because just-in-time (JIT) production—the quick—response component of TQM—throws conventional costing into a tailspin. The old costing In this TQM era, the financial side of accounting has not generated the same degree of dynamism as the management accounting side. This does not mean there is no awareness of deficiencies. Income statements and balance sheets have not served investors well.Too often yesterday’s buy list becomes tomorrow’s basket cases. The â€Å"financials,† as require by generally accepted accounting principles, simply do not distinguish between the fir m whose quality-related competitiveness is deteriorating and its continuously improving competitor Though many academics, and legions of securities analysts, continually seek better ways of assessing the strength of a business, breakthrough ideas that recognize quality-centered competitiveness are not yet forthcoming. Human Resource Management (HRM) Human resource policies have traditionally favored specialization.Their aim is to narrowly specify jobs through division of labour, then hire people to fill the jobs, give them scant training, and keep them in that specialty for life. HRM has been taught that way and practiced that way. On the other hand, TQM requires cross-training, job improve it, or even communicate about it. Labour, long blamed for protection of work rules, is generally proving no to be the obstacle to their removal. One reason is that cross-training and learning add lines to one’s resume, which is the key to work-life 152 International Journal of Current Rese arch, Vol. 3, Issue 3, pp. 149-153, March, 2011 ecurity, (of greater concern today than mere job security). HR departments in superior companies are making the transition toward TQM-based practices featuring never-ending training and development for all employees. Organizational behavior (OB) At first, the community of OB scholars watched in amazement as TQM and floor distance. However, when TQM hit the back office and then the entire service sector the stampede began. Today, treatises on new TQM related topics have become common in OB academic journals. For example, Organizational Dynamics devoted its entire Spring 1992 issue to the theme.These topics include employee involvement and empowerment , non-hierarchical, non-functional organization structures, and debates about motivating continuous improvement. An additional pursuit is reformulation of conventional OB concepts suchas team building, conflict resolution, and equity theory for use in TQM implementation. Economics In the ea rly years of JIT, Economists thought it an anomaly that inventories kept falling instead of following the economic cycle. Now it is clear that the pattern is broken. Continuous improvement reduces the need for inventory protection, so inventories just go down.Economists have much to do to revise their models. More significantly, economists may need to expand their world view. In conventional economic thought management has no role, economic activity is a function of fiscal and monetary policies of government and business. Tinkering with taxation spending and a few other money-denominated factors explains everything. No more Economists must accept that management can make a difference. Japan’s fixation on quality management is especially convincing, and now the same story repeats itself in other countries.Tool Disciplines Information systems and mathematics/statistics, indispensable tools for the end of aforementioned academic areas are also affected by TQM. Information system s practitioners can play an important role in their employers’ partners-in-quality efforts with customers and suppliers. Cumputer-aided design networks, external bar-coding, point of sale scanning, electronic data interchange, automatic funds transfer and satellite communication with freight haulers are among the IS devices that help link firms with suppliers and ustomers. These expanded uses of IS will naturally interest information systems academics. Mathematics/Statistics Near the core of TQM is a set of tools known as statistical process control(SPC). AT the low end of the SPC methods are the â€Å"seven basic tools† easy to learn and essential in the daily work of every employee. For a time, universities looked the other way while the community colleges nearly 1400 strong in the US and Canada put together training courses in Statistical Process Control for business and industry.Now SPC is fully covered in operations management and industrial engineering textbooks, plus texts in management accounting, marketing and general management. At the high end drawing in the mathematics and statistics academics are advanced statistical methods, especially design of experiments and the related methods of Genichi Taguchi, an eminent statistician. Professional Schools All the professions from engineering to law have a mission to provide quality services. The management of the professions also must have quality as its mission.Engineering Quality control and reliability engineering are traditional teaching and research specialties. Industrial Engineering professors have their hands full propagating the old message (sometimes called little q) as well as expanded, new TQM concepts (big Q). Besides that, every department in the engineering school has the same twofold challenge: (1) teach team design, in which engineers work on project teams with other engineers, customers, suppliers, business functionaries, and the front-line employees who produce the engineer ed roducts; (2) teach the principles of design-for-quality and design-for-manufacture (DFM) and its derivatives. Related fertile research areas include design for safety, disassembly and the environment; quick design-tomarket and elimination of disruptive post-production engineering changes. Some engineering professors and graduate students are already absorbed in these topics. Conclusion Public administration, teachers college, medical school, dental school, veterinary school, library school, and law school in each of the other professional schools, quality is or should be the foremost concern.All of the professional schools in the university can benefit from adding TQM as an instructional and research topic. 153 International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 3, Issue 3, pp. 149-153, March, 2011 What about all the remaining academic areas? The opinion of the late W. Edwards Deming is instructive. Dr. Deming agreed to allow his name to be attached to Columbia university’s De ming center for quality management. However, a condition was that the center should be multi-disciplinary.The project proceeded when the school of engineering and applied science and the department of statistics joined the graduate school of business in the endeavor. Transforming schools through Total Quality Education in Phi Delta Kappan. – Michael J. schmoker, Richard B. Wilson. Total Quality Education: Profiles of Schools that Demonstrate the power of Deming’s Management principles. – Michael J. Schmoker, Richard B. Wilson. REFERENCES Total Quality Management in Education- Edward Sallis. Total Quality Management and the school – Stephen Murgatroyd, Colin Morgan. *******

5 Tips for Beating Writer’s Block - Proofeds Writing Tips

5 Tips for Beating Writer’s Block - Proofeds Writing Tips 5 Tips for Beating Writer’s Block Whether you’re working on a novel or a college paper, when you’re suffering from writer’s block, the sight of a blinking cursor on an otherwise empty page can seem like it is taunting you. Blink blink blink But don’t let that blinky little dastard win. With these simple tips, you should be able to beat writer’s block and get back to work in no time! 1. Develop a Working Routine Ultimately, the battle against writer’s block is a battle against†¦ yourself! So the key to victory is knowing your own working habits and developing a healthy routine. Work out when you’re most productive (first thing in the morning? late at night?) and where you find it easiest to write. Once you’ve done this, you can develop a working routine and stick to it. 2. Avoid Distraction If you’re struggling to write, it may just be because you’re prone to distraction. In this case, the obvious solution is to eliminate distractions from your working environment. If it’s specifically social media and the endless playground of the internet that makes it hard for you to focus, you might want to try installing software that temporarily blocks distracting sites. The enemies of productivity.(Image: Emily Boston/wikimedia) 3. Brainstorming and Freewriting Two handy techniques for beating writer’s block are brainstorming and freewriting. Brainstorming is good when you truly don’t know where to start. It simply involves picking a topic and listing related terms. You can even use a spider diagram. The key is finding connections that you can expand upon in your writing. A different kind of spider diagram.(Image: J. H. Comstock/Ryan Wilson) Freewriting, meanwhile, is an exercise in which you write without judgment. Give yourself fifteen minutes to write whatever comes into your head. Don’t worry about spelling, punctuation, or even writing full sentences (you can fix that later). It’s about generating ideas. 4. Mix It Up Writing doesn’t have to be linear. If you’re half way through an essay and find that you can’t get beyond a certain point, you can always jump ahead or go back and revise something else. This means that you keep on working (rather than staring frustrated at the screen). It might even give you time to work out what you need to do for the section you got stuck on! 5. Time Out Finally, if you really can’t get anything written down, it might be time to take a break. Go for a walk. Do some household chores. Do something else creative. Do anything but write! You dont get this view sat at your computer.(Photo: Becky/flickr) Sometimes all you need is time away for everything to fall into place. Hopefully, when you come back to your work you’ll find that the writing flows again. Good luck!

The Theme of Jack Londons To build a fire

The Theme of Jack Londons To build a fire The significance of the words 'dying and death' in Jack London's 1910 novel, 'To Build a Fire' continuously expresses the man's dwindling warmth and bad luck in his journey along the Yukon trail to meet 'the boys' at camp. London associates dying with the man's diminishing ability to stay warm in the frigid Alaskan climate. The main characters predicament slowly worsens one level at a time finally resulting in death.The narrator informs the reader that 'the man' lacks personal experiencetraveling in the Yukon terrain. The old-timer warned the man about theharsh realities of the Klondike. The confident main character thinks ofthe old-timer at Sulphur Creek as 'womanish.' Along the trail, 'the man' falls into a hidden spring and attempts to build a fire to dry his socks and warm himself. With his wet feet quickly growing numb, he realizes he has only one chance to successfully build a fire or face the harsh realities of the Yukon at one-hundred nine degrees below freezing.Jack London`s cabin, Dawson, Yukon, Canada. An ide...Falling snow from a tree blots out the fire and the character realizes 'he had just heard his own sentence of death.' Jack London introduces death to the reader in this scene.The man realizes 'a second fire must be built without fail.' The man's mind begins to run wild with thoughts of insecurity and death when the second fire fails. He recollects the story of a man who kills a steer to stay warm and envisions himself killing his dog and crawling into the carcass to warm up so he can build a fire to save himself.London writes, 'a certain fear of death, dull and oppressive, came to him.'As the man slowly freezes, he realizes he is in serious trouble and can no longer make excuses for...

Academic presonal statement Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Academic presonal - Personal Statement Example Even the global forces are demanding more from the agriculture industry. The high demand is due to the world’s growing population. The mixture of all the elements makes the subject more interesting, it is not limited and with time the demand and scope of the business also increases. There is much more to do in the field, as the demand for food is increasing over the years. This increase in demand has led to increase in the production of animal along with the production with animals the sources of food also needs to increased. An Animal Scientist takes both the subjects into account. It also focuses on an area where minimum focus is being given, everyone is more occupied with technology and that is why very few people in the world are working for the cause and I want to make a name in an area which could substantially contribute to the survival of the world. I am the right candidate for the study, not only because I have high interest in the field of subject but at the same time I have contributed much of my life in learning about the concepts. I have done my bachelors and masters in Animal Science. During my graduation I learned the concepts about the subject that I would be able to apply later in life if given the opportunity to do practical work. Along with my academic background I have also worked in the field with Alghabal Algharbi, in their head office of Animal production. Along with working at the department for research work I have also worked as a lecturer in the name university. I find it very interesting to work in the field of genetic improvement as using selection to improve animal production. Along with my interest in working in the field of animal science I am very much fond of studying the effect of feed activity on animal reproduction under different circumstances. Another area of my interest is using bio and mental fe ed additives to improve feed efficiency, digestion and metabolism and their

The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis and the Sino-Soviet Split Essay

The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis and the Sino-Soviet Split - Essay Example The present research has identified that during the period from 1924-1927, China and the USSR suffered under poorly managed governments. After 1945, Stalin demonstrated a residual resistance to lending aid to the Chinese Communists.   However, with China’s establishment of the Chinese People’s Republic and the rise of Communism in China, both nations found a way to iron out their differences and to work together in solidarity. By the 1950s the common belief among the international community was that communist China and the USSR were impenetrable allies engaged in a common goal to ensure that Communism was a major influence on the world. There was more than enough evidence to support this perception. Under Mao Tse-tung’s leadership, China formally aligned itself with the USSR. When the Communist in North Korea invaded the Republic of Korea, China intervened and the USSR lent military aid. Regardless, by the 1960s, the Sino-Soviet Alliance was practically shatter ed as their respective ideologies and policies were increasingly at odds. The office of the US Central Intelligence Agency reported to the US’s administrators in February 1962 that: Sino-Soviet relations are in a critical phase just short of an acknowledged and definitive split. There is no longer much of a fundamental resolution of differences. In our view, the chances that such a split can be avoided in 1962 are no better than ever. There are a number of theories put forth by historians and political scientists attempting to understand the driving force splitting the union between the world’s two largest Communist states. Athwal argues that the US’ â€Å"nuclear superiority† put increasing pressures on Sino-Soviet relations and policies by first influencing China to obtain nuclear weapons and by forcing the Soviets to look to the West in a more amicable way. Moreover, both China and the Soviet Union had different perceptions of the US threat which creat ed additional tensions between the USSR and China. In addition, the US policies toward the Chinese Communist Party and the US sponsorship of CENTO and SEATO and its presence in South Asia placed continuing pressure on Sino-Soviet relations contributing to the split.

Writing for life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing for life - Essay Example It turns out that I am the kind of person who is able to make something bad. And the fact that I have this potential makes me feel uncomfortable. So I decided to work with myself to make sure that if one day I find myself in situation of a harsh choice, I will not make a wrong decision. The point is that we always judge others. We believe that we know what is good and bad and we give ourselves this right to judge others. But in fact, considering every single situation deeply and putting ourselves in somebody’s place we may find that we would act the same way. And still we keep judging. But if we know how to act properly to be good, why often we don’t do it? I want to believe that people can be changed; moreover, I think people can change themselves. Because frequently it happens that something really bad changes person’s way of thinking, and she or he decides to make some personal changes. Does it mean that some sad event is the only way to start your personal changes? I think it’s not. Noticing some bad part in my personality makes me think of changing it into a good one, so I make decision to work on my personal qualities. Obviously working on my personality is hard for me, because I almost struggle with myself. This struggle is the mo st difficult thing in the world, because your personality is the only thing you can’t hide from. But when I think of results I’ll receive lately I feel that these difficult attempts of mine on the way to my virtue are worth being made. I hope sooner or later more and more people will come to the same conclusions as I have. This understanding of the truth that everything in my will and I’m responsible for my personality and only I can change it – it is definitely something inspiring. I wish you to experience the same, my dear

Siddhartha Definition Essay Example for Free

Siddhartha Definition Essay Siddhartha, in the awakening, learns that the life of pleasure isn’t always the best life. In fact the life of pleasure can always bring you pain and sometimes more suffering. Siddhartha had to learn that the hard way because he felt disgusted in himself of what he had become. Just as Siddhartha was about to suicide he heard a voice. He heard the ancient holy word â€Å"Om†. Just from that word his whole life changed. Siddhartha also learned that there was more to the world then having pleasure and goods and that that the world was a beautiful piece of work. Siddhartha learned from the river who he really was and that he shouldn’t just give up because of a mistake, Siddhartha learned that he has to learn from it and take his mistake as an experience. The only way to succeed in life is to have experiences and learn from your mistakes. Although Siddhartha learned something from the river, he still needs to learn more and he does as he meets the ferry man. Siddhartha learned to love the river and treat the river with respect. The river saved him from his death and Siddhartha shall be with the river at all times. The river taught him how to become patient again and helped him awaken from his bad period of time. The river was also Siddhartha’s turning point in because Siddhartha was about to give up and just throw away his goal but he realized his mistake and became a new Siddhartha. The river was a similar to a teacher, it taught Siddhartha more and more about the world so much that his knowledge on the world expanded even more. Siddhartha took things more serious because everything the river taught him, he didn’t judge like his old teachers, he listened and trust the river’s knowledge. Siddhartha taught me a lot of new knowledge and wisdom. Although all the chapters taught me something, the one that taught me the most was the awakening. The Awakening taught me that making a mistake is one thing, but learning from it is another thing and that it is the key to success in life. How I learned this is that Siddhartha had to do all those things to reach Nirvana. Siddhartha also taught me that listening and patience can help you in life because if u can’t listen or be patient, then you won’t get anywhere in life. This novel taught me that you can’t learn anything, if you haven’t tried it out. Meaning if you want become good at a game, you have to try it out. Although the life of pleasure is beneficial, it’s not always the best idea because it  can bring you much pain and suffering because once you lose it, you won’t be able to get it back and that you have to learn how to live without it. When Siddhartha was about to give up and die, but learned from his mistake, it inspired me because it taught me that I shouldn’t give up without a fight. Meaning that even if times are worst, I shouldn’t give up without trying because I would never know the result if I did tried. It also inspired me because it means that I should try harder and harder in school and become successful when I grow up. Another chapter that taught me something is â€Å"The Son†. It taught me that I should act like a spoil little brat and shouldn’t disrespect my parents, because my parents have to go through a lot to keep me who I am and how I live today. Siddhartha reminds me of my dad, although he yells and put me down, he does it because he loves me and wants me to become successful. If my dad didn’t do all those things, I would become another Siddhartha Jr. but worst. This novel inspired me to read more and more novels like this, because there are always morals and lessons that are being taught throughout the story. I hope we read more novels like Siddhartha because it keeps me thinking and it keeps motivated to try harder in life and school.

Consent Of An Intoxicated Victim Rape Law Essay

Consent Of An Intoxicated Victim Rape Law Essay Provisions of the sexual offences 2003 act In times gone by, the offence of rape was defined as the carnal knowledge of a woman forcibly and against her will.1 The offence was initially silent on the issue of mens rea and it was not until DPP v Morgan2 that its inclusion and the effect that this had on mistakes about consent was established. The House of Lords held that a trust in consent, even if irrational, would go against mens rea provided that the trust was honest. Although subject to a measure of criticism, such as that it represented a rapists charter,3 this is still the approach to the offence in the common law jurisdictions. Rape requires evidence of the physical essentials of penetration without consent and also the mental aspect that the offender not only intended to penetrate but knew the victim was not consenting or was careless as to whether the victim was consenting.4 carelessness is generally understood subjectively to mean that the offender was conscious that it was probable that the victim was not consenting but continued in any case.5 s 1 defines rape. Intercourse is complete upon proof of penetration by the penis and being complete means that it is has come into existence, not that it has reached an end. It is not necessary to prove that the hymen was broken. Part of the actus reus is that the victim does not consent. 1 St G Tucker, Blackstones Commentaries (William Young Birch and Abraham Small, IV, 1803) 210. 2DPP v Morgan [1976] AC 182. 3J Temkin, Rape and the Legal Process (Sweet Maxwell, 1987) 79. 4Crimes Act 1900 (ACT) s 54; Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) s 61I and s 61R(1); Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA) s 48; Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) s 38. 5 See DPP v Morgan [1976] AC 182, 215; Satnam and Kewal (1983) 78 Cr App R 149; Turrise v R [2003] ACTCA 23; R v Brown (1975) 10 SASR 139; Wozniak and Pendry (1977) 16 SASR 67, 175. s 2 This was a new offence that didnt exist at all previous to the 2003 Act. The actus reus can be that accused uses a part of his body to penetrate victim as in rape, but orally is not included in this offence, and what he penetrates victim with can be his penis or it can be anything else, eg fingers, bottle, anything, and the victim must factually not consent. The crossover with rape will operate if the victim is unable to determine what she was penetrated with perhaps because she was intoxicated, injured or asleep. The mens rea is intention. As with rape, this offence requires a reasonable belief in consent and can be committed recklessly as a result of that. It is therefore a basic intent crime which means that evidence of no mens rea due to involuntary intoxication will be a defence R v Majewski [1977] AC 443. Sexual is defined at s 78 of the 2003 Act. s 3 This offence is akin to the old offence of indecent assault under the 1956 Act, other than the s 3 offence here req uires that D touch V in the circumstances described. The old law only required an assault, which of course need not have involved actual touching. Under the common law in R v Rolfe [1952] 36 Cr App R4 D was guilty of an indecent assault when he walked toward V with his penis exposed. This would not satisfy the s 3 offence now. However, R v H [2005] EWCA Crim 732 shows that only the slightest touch to Vs clothing in a sexual way will suffice. Sexual is defined ats 78 of the 2003 Act, and Ds belief in consent must be reasonable. s 4 The actus reus is not complete unless V factually engages in a sexual act at the instigation of D and V factually does not consent. Sexual is defined at s 78 and Ds belief, if he is to escape liability, must be a reasonable one that V consents. There is no requirement for D to be present when V engages in the activity. Causing V to masturbate herself or causing V to engage in acts of prostitution are examples that would fit s 4. s 61 Administering a substance can be done in any manner, eg in food or drink, by injection or by way of inhalation (perhaps on a smothering cloth or in vapour held under the nose whilst V is asleep). D must administer the substance or cause a third party to do so and while a sexual activity must be intended it need not be D who it is planned will engage in it with V. V must factually not consent and D must be aware of this a mere belief that V might not consent is insufficient. s 74 provides that: a person consents if she agrees by choice, and has the freedom and capacity to make that choice. The definition is based on free agreement. s 75 A conclusive presumption means that the presumption will apply, in this case that V did not consent, if the relevant act is proven to have occurred (the sexual act) and the circumstances described are proven to have occurred (eg D deceived V as to the nature of the sexual act). D will then be presumed to have not had Vs consent and there is no opportunity for him to argue that he did have it. The requirements of force and lack of will were replaced by the perception of consent in the mid 19th century. The turning point was the case of R v Camplin,6 where a woman was penetrated after being made drunk by the accused. Faced with no indication of force against the victim, the House of Lords decided that there could be rape if the penetration took place without the consent and against the will of the victim. In focusing on consent rather than force it has been argued that the offence does not capture the real nature of rape.7 Feminists have articulated several apprehensions about whether the focus on consent sufficiently protects women.8 Firstly, an objectionable consequence of making the consent of the victim the central question has been that criminal trials tend to focus on the conduct and sexual history of the victim rather than on the conduct of the accused.9 A second criticism is that the everyday use of the term consent does not satisfactorily distinguish between cases in which the victim submits out of fear and cases in which she is prepared to engage in sexual intercourse.10 6 R v Camplin (1845) 1 Cox 22. The decision was confirmed in R v Fletcher (1859) 8 Cox 131. 7 V Tadros, Rape Without Consent (2006) 26 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 515, 516. See also V Tadros, No Consent: A Historical Critique of the Actus Reus of Rape (1999) 3 Edinburgh Law Review 317, 330. 8For further discussion see P Western, Some Common Confusion About Consent in Rape Cases (2004) 2 Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 333-359. 9 Tadros, above n 10, 326. 10 Ibid. Finally, it has been argued that the theory of consent cannot be determined reasonably while jurors and judges rely on their predictable views about sexual roles in their assessment of consent such as, put bluntly, yes means no; that women fantasize about being raped; or that women could resist if they really wanted to.11 Voluntary intoxication vs forced intoxication There is a well-established link between the use of commonplace intoxicants like alcohol and sexual assault. Estimates vary between studies, but it is generally accepted that alcohol has been consumed by one or both parties in a high proportion of rape cases. Alcohol has thus been suggested to be both a precipitant of, and an excuse for, sexual aggression by men (Richardson and Campbell, 1982; (Richardson and Hammock, 1991). In addition, alcohol use has been studied as a risk factor for sexual victimization, since it lowers awareness of risky situations and impairs the ability to resist assault (Abbey, 1991; Berkowitz, 1992). Four of the simulations involved alcohol, with the key variable relating to the means of administration to the complainant: (1) unambiguous self-administration; (2) self-administration under pressure from the defendant; (3) surreptitious strengthening of an alcoholic drink by the defendant; and (4) surreptitious administration into a non-alcoholic drink by the d efendant Present Scenario The existing situation where there is no statutory definition of consent to any sexual act which might otherwise be a crime is far from perfect, leading to a lack of lucidity for the complainant, the accused and the Jury. The positive impact of a lucid definition should also be felt outside the courtroom, preventing at least some acts of sexual violence. It would seem best that an alternative expanded and more inclusive definition of consent should have as its primary focus the conduct of the accused rather than that of the complainant, as far as possible, with the aim of 11 See Victorian Law Reform Commission, Sexual Offences: Interim Report (2003) 310. avoiding protracted, hostile and thorough cross-examination of the complainant on matters which are often of doubtful bearing to any real issues in the case. Of course, fairness to the accused is a crucial principle. However, no less crucial is the framing of the law to circumvent needless suffering of survivors of sexual aggression by grilling, as there can be no doubt that apprehension of such an ordeal operates to augment the pace of erosion. Is the present definition of consent inadequate Now it is time to endorse a new extended all-inclusive definition of consent which incorporates the benefits and avoids some pitfalls of the definition used in the UK Sexual Offences Act 2003 12. Some legal experts have identified, that the UK definition does not give any guidance as to whether the complainant must communicate consent by words or action 13. However, it is apparent from the successive cases that the most significant rational issue has been capacity. The England and Wales legislation does not include any definition of capacity itself, and its list of situations where there is presumed to be no consent, at sections 75 and 76 of the SOA 2003, does not expressly include the situation where there is no capacity to consent because of self-induced intoxication of the complainant which falls short of unconsciousness. It is reasonable to say that the UK Government examined this breach in the law in the light of the decision of the Court of Appeal in R v Bree [2007] EWCA 256, i n which the Court interpreted the capacity to consent as something which may evaporate well before a complainant becomes unconscious, and explained that if, through drink (or for any other reason) the complainant has temporarily lost her capacity to choose whether to have intercourse on the relevant occasion, she is not consentingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. However, the Court also made it clear that the complainant may still preserve the capacity to consent (or not) even if she has had quite a lot to drink, which means that basically each case will turn on its own facts. The UK Government decided not to change the law subsequent to this decision. 12 See Section 74 of the UK Sexual Offences Act 2003: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..a person consents if he agrees by choice, and has the freedom and capacity to make that choice. 13 For example, see an article by Victor Tadros entitled Rape without Consent, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies,Vol 26, No 3(2006), pp 515-543, at page 521 et seq It would seem best, given that this is a situation which arises very frequently, and which gives rise to misuse, that an expansive definition of consent should contain stipulation for the situation where the complainants consent is compromised by her voluntary intoxication. After all, the drink driving laws believe that after use of a very modest measure of alcohol, our competence to control a car carefully is critically affected. Of course, this would mean that the conduct of the complainant would still be under investigation. Some regulation as to what should be included in such an extended definition will be found at Sections 75 of the UK SOA 2003 (evidential presumptions about consent) and Section 76 ibid. (conclusive presumptions about consent), which taken together provide a list of situations in which the lack of consent may be understood, and except for the two exceptional situations contained in Section 76, additionally provide that it is open to the accused to bring in ample evidence to show that there is an issue as to whether the complainant consented, in relation to the particular state of affairs. This list of situations does NOT cover the situation where the complainants capacity to consent is impaired by self-induced intoxication, but he/she is not asleep or otherwise unconscious 14. Circumstances when allowing sexual activity does not amount to consent Allowing sexual activity does not amount to consent in some circumstances like when she does not protest and/or offer physical resistance to the activity or if the activity takes place while she is asleep or is unconscious. A comparable condition may come about when she is affected by drugs or alcohol to such an extent that she is in no situation to consent or refuse. It is not pertinent whether or not she took the drug or alcohol voluntarily or involuntarily. Another condition could be when the person is so affected by a mental or physical condition or impairment that she is in no position to consent or to refuse consent. Similarly, it is not consent to sexual activity if she allows it because she is mistaken about the persons identity or she is mistaken about the nature of the activity. 14 Section 75 (2) (d) UK SOA 2003 A consent by another person on behalf of the complainant cannot be considered a legitimate consent or if another person in a position of power, trust or authority incites her to engage in that activity. A complainant cannot express her consent by a lack of concurrence to engage in that activity or having first consented, she expresses by words or conduct a lack of agreement to continue to engage in such activity. The Sexual Offences Act 2003 and thereafter Demand for change of Law The Government has already made a number of changes to the law on rape and the way the police and Crown Prosecution Service work on these cases. These changes include strengthening the law on rape through the Sexual Offences Act 2003 and developing a network of sexual assault referral centres that provide specialised, dedicated help and support to victims. The pioneer support for a change came from non-government groups and victim and survivor support groups, whilst members of the judiciary and legal profession were less persuaded of the need for change. Moreover, around a third of the respondents who believed that the law should be changed favored a further evidential presumption to cover intoxication by drink and drugs, often citing the recommendation that was made in the report to Home Offices review of the law on sexual offences, Setting the Boundaries, which projected an evidential presumption that read: Where a person asleep, unconscious or too affected by alcohol or drugs to give free agreement. A number of respondents, particularly victim and survivor organizations, further argued that the law as it presently existed was essentially paradoxical on the subject of intoxication. The respondents argued that where intoxication fell short of unconsciousness and was therefore covered by section 75(d) of the Sexual Offences Act 2003, i t was both presumed and not presumed to invalidate consent depending on whether the intoxicating substance was administered covertly or consumed voluntarily. It was suggested that the distinction between those intoxicated having had their drink spiked (or been drugged in some other way) and those intoxicated apparently of their own wish was not as clear cut as the law allowed for. There were cases in which offenders knowingly facilitated the intoxication of susceptible victims in order to commit an offence. One example was where an uncle facilitated the intoxication of a younger niece in order to commit a sexual offence. Even in situations where the offender had not been responsible for inducing intoxication there was a risk that some men can seek to take advantage of the fact that women are drunk and therefore have less capacity to defend against demands or intimidation. Therefore, it was argued that the law should be changed so that it made no distinction between voluntary and involuntary intoxication if the final consequence was a lack of capacity to consent. The proceedings in the case of R v Dougal 15 were widely cited as an example of the difficulties caused in applying the current law to cases involving voluntary intoxication and as an argument in favour of adopting a change in the legislation. This case collapsed when the prosecuting counsel took the view that the prosecution were unable to prove that the complainant, because of her level of intoxication, had not given consent and informed the judge that he did not propose to proceed further. The judge agreed and directed the jury to enter a not guilty verdict. It was argued, that the case should have been proceeded with and the issue of the victims capacity to consent put to the jury. It was argued that a change in the law would allow a similar case to proceed in the future and would provide assistance to the jury in considering the issue of consent. While the relationship between capacity and intoxication was the most prominent issue, responses from police and prosecution representatives and childrens organizations identified other factors that should be taken into account when considering an individuals capacity to consent. These included mental health, domestic violence and the exploitation of victims made vulnerable by their circumstances, for example sex workers. There were differing opinions on whether a change in the law would be necessary to allow the effects of such factors to be considered in relation to consent. Organizations with a specific interest in children supported a change to the law which would take account of the particular vulnerability of children and the circumstances in which they can be exploited in order to commit sex offences. It was noted that alcohol can often be used by offenders to make it easier to commit an offence. 15 R v Dougal (2005) Swansea Crown Court (unreported) However, it was also pointed out that alcohol is frequently consumed voluntarily by teenagers before engaging in consensual sex and that it was important that intoxication should not be the only factor taken into account when considering the capacity of those under 16 to consent as this could lead to inappropriate prosecutions. The opinion that the law did not need to be changed was most commonly held by members of the legal profession, the judiciary and law enforcement agencies. Some argued that the law had only been in force for a relatively brief period and that any meaningful assessment of the Acts provisions was therefore premature. Continual change, others argued, rather than bringing clarity, would only serve to cause further confusion. Opponents of change argued, it would be wrong to seek to change the legislation simply because of the outcome of the case of R v Dougal. They took the view that the Sexual Offences Act 2003 had provided a welcome modification to the law on cons ent, which had improved the law because juries were now required to consider what steps the accused had taken to establish whether or not the complainant genuinely consented. Although there may now be a focus less on whether or not consent was given but rather on whether the complainant had the capacity to give consent, this did not challenge the adequacy of the law as it was currently framed. Those who did not consider that the law needed changing argued that it was already the case that a jury could ask themselves whether the complainant was in a fit state to give free and informed consent, especially if they had been drinking heavily. It was suggested by judicial respondents that R v Dougal had been an exceptional case and that in most similar cases juries have been properly directed that lack of capacity includes incapacity through excessive consumption of alcohol or drugs. There was concern for the broader implications of a change in the law. It was suggested that establishing a link between intoxication and a capacity to consent could result in, and according to some should entitle, a defendant to argue that he was too drunk to assess whether consent had been given. It was also argued that the effect of intoxication on a persons ability to make decisions could not be used as a defence to other offences, for example assault, and so should not be relevant to the capacity to consent in rape cases. However, it was also argued that these two situations were not analogous because victims were not on trial. Section 74 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 refers to freedom and capacity and argued that there was a distinction between these two concepts. It was argued that capacity to consent was relevant to children and individuals with mental disorders impeding choice but not to adults who had become intoxicated. It was suggested that equating adults with children in this way was a step backwards. Should there be a statutory definition of capacity This change in law by way of inclusion of a definition of capacity would bring a clarity to proceedings and ensure that juries would consider the complainants circumstances, including any effect that alcohol or other substances may have had on their ability and freedom to choose. Advocates of this definition consider that it is clear and easy to understand and would cover the circumstances where a complainant was so drunk but not unconscious as to not know what was happening or unable to say no. A number of those who supported a further evidential presumption based on alcohol consumption suggested that this might be the statutory definition of capacity that was needed. Most commonly, the evidential presumption that was proposed was the one that appeared in Setting the Boundaries. Such an evidential presumption, it was argued would allow the case to be put to the jury, even where the complainant could not remember whether she consented or not. It would, of course, remain open to the defendant to say that the complainant did indeed consent and for the jury to believe him or, at least, give him the benefit of the doubt. Philosophical issues Does a person who is voluntarily drunk remain capable of giving valid consent to sex? The Court of Appeal in Bree held that a drunken consent is still (valid) consent, though it further recognises that the capacity to consent may evaporate well before a complainant becomes unconscious. This decision is a move in the right direction, yet this article argues that it has not gone far enough, and that s. 74 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 which governs these scenarios allows-and even requires-a more drastic interpretation: a drunken consent is not consent when the person is very drunk. Based on a distinction between factual and legal consent, the article starts by setting up the legal framework as set out in s. 74, and developed in Bree and H. It then goes on to criticise the current case law and its interpretation of s. 74 for not being restrictive enough, by examining two possible theoretical rationales, mentioned in the judgments. The first, which is based on an analogy with the law r elating to intoxicated offenders, is criticised on the grounds of differences between consent and intent. The second, which is based on the general argument that this position recognises the positive aspect of sexual autonomy, is criticised for its failure to distinguish between claims of normative facts and claims of public policy and for giving too much weight to the latter considerations. From the discussion an alternative, more restrictive position, emerges in line with s. 74 of the 2003 Act, according to which a drunken consent is not consent. This position can be adopted by judges, through the provision of better guidance to juries, but failing that a reform of the law might be needed. @ @ @