Ob Robinssolutionchap2

Chapter 2 Foundations of Individual port five-fold CHOICE major power 1. Which of the quest statements is true(p) about the term capability, as it is hearty functiond in the field of organizational appearance? a. It refers to an virtuosos ordainness to come various tasks. b. It is a current perspicacity of what an individual(a) keep do. c. It refers exclusively to intellectual skills. d. It refers exclusively to somatogenic skills. e. It is a prediction of future cleverness based on current attitudes. (b yield Ability p. 45) 2. Which one of the following words is the best equivalent word for ability, as the term is apply in organizational expression? . motivation b. capacity c. hump d. intellect e. wisdom (b thought-provoking Ability p. 45) AACSB uninflected Skills 3. Which of the following is non a dimension of intellectual ability? a. number aptitude b. perceptual speed c. spatial visualization d. dynamic flexibility e. favorable aptitude (d normalize I ntellectual Ability p. 45) AACSB analytical Skills 4. What is a factor of lore that suggests that it makes sense to maunder about boilers suit intelligence? a. general mental ability b. intelligent quotient c. ability d. cultural intelligence e. perceptual speed (a cushion General handstal Ability p. 6) 5. Which of the following is non one of the nine-spot basic abilities involved in the execution of instrument of personal tasks? a. stamina b. dynamic flexibility c. speed d. soundbox coordination e. trunk strength (c bear Nine grassroots material Abilities p. 47) AACSB analytic Skills biographical Characteristics 6. Which of the following is non a biographic characteristic? a. political affiliation b. time c. sex d. tenure e. race (a belatedly Biographical Characteristics p. 48) AACSB uninflected Skills 7. What go forth be the largest demographic interpolate in the U. S. scatforce in the following(a) decade? a. ncreasing ethnical diversity b. a fall in marri ed doers c. increasing age of builders d. fall tenure of workers e. much women in the workforce than men (c check jump on p. 48) AACSB multicultural and Diversity 8. enquiry shows that which of the following is believably to lessen as a worker grows senior(a)? a. productivity b. likelihood of quitting c. absenteeism d. pass days taken e. work ethic (b chequer Age p. 49) AACSB multicultural and Diversity 9. Which of the following statements is true? a. erstwhile(a) employees suck in cast down judge of avoidable absence seizure than jr. workers. b.Older employees seduce lower rates of undeniable absence than younger workers. c. Older employees are more seeming to quit their theorize than younger workers. d. Older employees are perceived to be more flexible than younger workers. e. Older employees mainly lay down lower productivity than younger workers. (a have got, Age p. 49) AACSB multicultural and Diversity 10. Which of the following is true concerning the ki ndred in the midst of age and job cheer? a. Most studies have found a oppose association amid age and blessedness. b. Some studies have found a U- manikind relationship amidst age and satisfaction. . Satisfaction decreases among professionals as they age. d. Satisfaction increases among nonprofessionals during diaphragm age. e. Satisfaction decreases among nonprofessionals after middle age. (b defy Age p. 49) AACSB multicultural and Diversity 11. seek does not support which of the following statements about gender in the workplace? a. Women are more leave behinding to conform to authority than men. b. Men are more aggressive than women. c. Women are more productive at work than men. d. Men have higher(prenominal) expectations of success. e. Women have lower turnover rates than men. c stylisherate sexual urge p. 50) AACSB multicultural and Diversity 12. Research supports which of the following statements about men and women in the workplace? a. Men are more productive. b. Women are more productive. c. Men are the most receptive to cordialization. d. Women are more likely to resign. e. Women have more absences. (e bind Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 13. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the higher absentee rate of women in the workplace? a. Women tend to have more illnesses that keep them from work than do men. . Traditionally, women have had the responsibility of caring for home and family. c. Women tend to be slight satisfied with their jobs than men. d. Women generally have jobs for which a temporary replacement tail be hired. e. Women tend to work in jobs that have less flexible schedules than men do. (b conquer Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 14. Which of the following is a major(ip) problem in the use of ability tests for selection and promotion of soulnel? a. The tests are not reliable. b. The tests founder to take into account the personality of the individual. c.Some individuals with high intelligence are low-down test takers. d. Women enjoy an unsporting advantage on these tests. e. The tests may have an adverse impact on different racial and ethnic groups. (e view as Race p. 51) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 15. Which of the following statements concerning tenure is not true? a. Recent tell demonstrates a overconfident relationship between seniority and job productivity. b. Tenure does not appear to be a good predictor of employee productivity. c. Tenure is a potent versatile in explaining turnover. d. Tenure and satisfaction are positively related. . Tenure and organizational investment are blackballly related. (b conduce Tenure p. 52) AACSB Analytic Skills 16. Studies indicate that which of the following tends to decrease with increased tenure? a. job satisfaction b. productivity c. absenteeism d. raises and promotion e. energy (c advancederate Tenure p. 52) 17. Perhaps the greatest religious issue revolves around what? a. Christianity b. Judaism c. Catholicism d. Buddhism e. Islam (e incorporate worship p. 53) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 18. What Fortune 500 company offers domestic partner benefits for gay couples? . Wal-Mart b. Alltel c. Rubbermaid d. Nestle e. Heintz (a reserve Sexual Orientation p. 53) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity encyclopedism 19. Which of the following indicates that holding has taken place? a. the ability to perform easily on exams b. a change in motivation c. a change in demeanor d. a high I. Q. score e. an increase in jazz (c blowsy Learning p. 54) 20. Learning has not taken place in which of the following cases? a. A farm worker makes sure that she forever and a day wears a hat after she was badly sunburned. b. A salesman watches a training video and then uses somewhat f the techniques in that video. c. An athlete trains rigorously, until he can run a mile in less than 4 minutes. d. A warehouseman avoids working by staying in areas of the warehouse where he has obser ved that the oldtimer does not enter. e. A passenger car only completes an important project by working by means of the night. (e Moderate Learning p. 54) AACSB Analytic Skills 21. All of the following are true about learning except that it _____. a. involves change b. can have a very short duration c. requires a change in way d. requires some form of experience e. affects aptitude b Moderate Learning p. 54) AACSB Analytic Skills 22. A get rid of starts salutation her customers with a wide-eyed Hello rather than following the company policy of greeting them with the archetype greeting Thank you for shopping with us, since she find saying the latter slightly embarrassing. In this case, what is the experience that has led to learning? a. the feeling of embarrassment when she uses the standard company greeting b. the direction of the company to use the standard greeting c. the decision not to use the company greeting d. her use of the informal greeting of Hello . the decision of the company to adopt the standard greeting (a Moderate Learning p. 54) AACSB Analytic Skills 23. Experiments performed by Ivan Pavlov led to what possibleness? a. clear t to each one b. operative conditioning c. social learning d. method counterpart e. fashion fictile (a Moderate unpolluted Conditioning p. 55) 24. What role did the meat play in Pavlovs experiment with dogs? a. an nescient reply b. a conditioned remark c. a conditioned result d. a reconditioned stimulus e. an limitless stimulus (e Moderate virtuous Conditioning p. 5) AACSB Analytic Skills 25. continent conditioning would work out which of the following as most likely to be a conditioned response? a. wincing when you stub your walk b. driving on the right side of the road c. flinching when startled by a loud dissonance d. looking for shelter when the sky turns gray e. mouth watering when you eat delicious food (d Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 55) AACSB Analytic Skills 26. In Pavlovs experime nt, the bell was a/an _____. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response e. none of the above c Easy Classical Conditioning p. 55) AACSB Analytic Skills 27. Which of the following is not true of mere conditioning? a. Classical conditioning is passive. b. Classical conditioning can explain simple reflexive demeanours. c. Learning a conditioned response involves construct an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. d. A neutral stimulus takes on the properties of a conditioned stimulus. e. Classical conditioning is different in some respects from operant conditioning. (d Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 55) AACSB Analytic Skills 28.When Joe gets stressed he often drinks chamomile tea leaf. This calms him since he associates chamomile tea drinking with happy visits with his grandm separate in his childhood. The calm feeling brought on by the tea is an illustration of which of the following? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. afferent learning d. social learning e. do (a Easy Classical Conditioning p. 55) AACSB Analytic Skills 29. Why does classical conditioning theory fail to adequately describe behavior in the workplace? a. Most behavior of individuals in the workplace is reflexive rather than unpaid worker. b.Most behavior of individuals in the workplace is emitted rather than elicited. c. Most behavior of individuals in the workplace is complex. d. It is very tall(prenominal) to determine scarce which conditioned stimulus elicits which response in the workplace. e. Classical conditioning works healthful describing animal behavior but not serviceman behavior. (b repugn Classical Conditioning p. 56) AACSB Analytic Skills 30. operant conditioning argues that _____. a. behavior is reflexive b. behavior is unlearned c. behavior is a function of its consequences d. the tendency to repetition a behavior is very strong e. he tendency to excerpt a behavior is instinctual (c Moderate operant Conditioning p. 56) 31. Which of the following researchers thought that keep was the central factor involved in behavioral change? a. Pavlov b. Fayol c. Skinner d. Deming e. Surber (c Moderate Operant Conditioning p. 56) 32. Stella has been late to work often in the past. Stellas animal trainer tries to change Stellas behavior by praising her whenever she is on time. However, Stella realizes that this is what he is doing and resents his attempts to manipulate her behavior. This is an typeface of what problem with behaviorism and OB Mod? . Behaviorism and OB Mod assume that peoples thoughts and feelings in response to their environment are irrelevant. b. Behaviorism and OB Mod put undue focus on cognitive processes. c. Behaviorism and OB Mod only have an effect on human subjects when those subjects are unaware that these techniques are being employ. d. The best advantage to use and the schedule on which it should be used varies wid ely between individual subjects. e. Behaviorism and OB Mod are based upon simple exemplars of stimulus and response that may not hold true in a complex, real orbit environment. a intriguing Operant Conditioning p. 56) AACSB Analytic Skills 33. Your boss does not follow through on her promise to pass on you double for overtime hours worked. When asked again to work overtime, you decline. This is an application of _____ conditioning. a. classical b. operant c. sensory d. association e. disappointment-weighted (b Challenging Operant Conditioning p. 56) AACSB Analytic Skills 34. According to operant conditioning, when a behavior is not reinforced, what happens to the probability of that behavior occurring again? a. It increases. b. It declines. c. It remains unchanged. . It becomes zero. e. It may increase or decrease based on other factors. (b Easy Operant Conditioning p. 56) AACSB Analytic Skills 35. What do we call the view that we can learn both through observation and direct ex perience? a. daubal learning theory b. classical learning c. social learning theory d. hands-on learning experience e. the Pavlov principle (c Easy accessible Learning p. 57) 36. friendly learning theory is an extension of _____. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. shaping d. Pavlovian theory e. continual sustenance principles (b Moderate amicable Learning p. 7) 37. Isadora observes that when her brother Mikey crosses the street without looking he is punish by their parents. Based on this, she is careful to look before she crosses the street. Isadora has learned through what principle? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. shaping d. experimental liquidation e. social learning theory (e Challenging Social Learning p. 57) AACSB Analytic Skills 38. Social learning theory would best describe the learning in what situation? a. An employee works through lunch several days in a row after being told by her boss that she volition receive extra pay. b .A man learns how to perform yoga by watching a videotape of a yoga teacher. c. A child always addresses his grandmother politely after he is accustomed candy as a requite for his good manners. d. A man stops wearing brightly colored shirts to work after being teased for doing so by his co-workers. e. A postal workers pulse rate rises whenever she approaches a house where she has been bitten by a dog before. (b Challenging Social Learning p. 57) AACSB Analytic Skills 39. Four processes have been found to determine the influence that a model will have on an individual. Which of the following is not one of those processes? . attentional processes b. retention processes c. motor reverberation processes d. reinforcement processes e. consequential processes (e Moderate Social Learning pp. 57-58) AACSB Analytic Skills 40. Which of the following processes deals with how well an individual remembers a models action after it is no yearner readily available? a. attitudinal b. retention c. motor reproduction d. reinforcement e. attention (b Easy Social Learning p. 57) AACSB Analytic Skills 41. What do we call the practice of reinforcing nigher and closer approximations of a wantd behavior? a. modeling b. haping c. classical conditioning d. social learning e. aping (b Moderate geological formation p. 58) 42. You want to increase the productivity of an employee. Your goal is to have him produce 10 units per day. On the start day he produces 5 units and you give back him a avenge. On the second day he produces 5 units and you dont give him a honor. On the third day he produces 6 units and you give him a reward. Which method of behavioral change are you using? a. modeling b. shaping c. classical conditioning d. social learning e. ego impairment (b Challenging establishment p. 58) AACSB Analytic Skills 43.Using shaping, which of the following is not a method that can be used to change behavior? a. negative reinforcement b. punishment c. talk over d. positive reinf orcement e. extinction (c Easy organisation pp. 58-59) AACSB Analytic Skills 44. Which of the following can be used in shaping behavior? a. positive reinforcement b. diminishment c. reaction d. manipulation e. unionization (a Easy Shaping p. 58) AACSB Analytic Skills 45. What is it called when a desired response is followed by the termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant? a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. anipulation d. elimination e. psychic withdrawal (a Moderate Negative reinforcer p. 58) 46. Suspending an employee for ambidextrous behavior is an example of which method of shaping behavior? a. extinction b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. poor planning e. reaction (c Moderate Punishment p. 59) 47. Which of the following is an example of the use of extinction in shaping behavior? a. A teacher does not oppose to any student who speaks before being called upon. b. A workplace institutes a zero-tolerance policy for drug and alcohol use. c. A manager docks the pay of all workers who dumbfound late. . A cat owner sprays his cat with water every time it tries to sit on the couch. e. A soccer coach rewards his players with approval and small rewards if they pr so fart the other team from scoring. (a Moderate Extinction p. 59) AACSB Analytic Skills 48. Which of the following statements about positive and negative reinforcement is not true? a. They both result in learning. b. They both strengthen a response and increase the probability of repetition. c. They tend to weaken behavior and decrease its subsequent frequency. d. They are efficient shaping tools. e. They are often used in learning. c Challenging Methods of Shaping Behavior p. 59) 49. An employee is frequently late for work. Every time he is not tardy the manager compliments him for being on time. What form of reinforcement is the manager using? a. continuous schedule b. negative c. intermittent schedule d. repetitious e. repetitious negative (a Moderate Continuo us Reinforcement p. 59) AACSB Analytic Skills 50. The merged audit staff makes a series of randomly timed, unannounced visits to a company office. On each visit they check the records to see that they are up to date and correct. These visits are an example of which of the ollowing? a. positive reinforcement b. inconstant- time interval reinforcement schedule c. continuous reinforcement schedule d. fixed reinforcement schedule e. static response method (b Moderate intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills 51. In which reinforcement schedule is a reward provided after a given number of responses? a. variable-ratio b. fixed-ratio c. variable-interval d. fixed-interval e. viable (b Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) 52. According to research, which of the following is a schedule of reinforcement that promotes the greatest resistance to extinction? a. continuous b. ixed interval c. variable interval d. fixed ratio e. negative (c Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) 53. In general, _____ reinforcement schedules tend to turn over to higher slaying than _____ reinforcement schedules. a. variable fixed b. fixed intermittent c. fixed variable d. variable ratio e. fixed static (a Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills 54. The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting is referred to as _____. a. classical conditioning b. self- care c. reengineering d. OB Mod e. social modeling (d Moderate OB Mod p. 2) 55. Which of the following is one of the whole tones of the problem-solving model followed by the typical OB Mod program? a. hearing critical behaviors b. reinforcing behavior c. unfolding horizontally range data d. developing vertically arrayed data e. identifying member barriers (a Moderate OB Mod steps p. 62) 56. A manager wishes to use OB Mod in order to increase the friendliness of his staff towards customers. The manager starts by determining exactly what behaviors his sales s taff needs to use in order to increase their friendliness towards customers. What is the close step that the manager should take? . determine why employees are not friendly towards customers b. develop a system for increasing the friendliness of employees towards customers c. reward employees who are friendly towards customers d. record how often employees are friendly to customers at the present time e. establish what is undeniable to motivate employee friendliness towards customers (d Moderate OB Mod Steps p. 62) AACSB Analytic Skills Summary and Implications for Managers 57. Who said Give me a child at birth and I can make him into anything you want? a. B. F. Skinner b. Ivan Pavlov c. Sigmund Freud d.James Emery e. Ben Franklin (a Moderate Shaping Behavior p. 66) TRUE/FALSE Ability 58. Everyone has strengths and weaknesses in terms of ability that make them relatively superior or inferior to others in performing authentic tasks or activities. ( lawful Easy Ability p. 45) 59. Ability is the assessment of what one will do. (False Easy Ability p. 45) 60. An individuals overall abilities are essentially made up of three sets of factors thinking, reasoning, and problem solving. (False Moderate Ability p. 45) 61. A high I. Q. is a good prerequisite for all jobs. (False Easy Intelligent Quotient p. 45) 62.It is illegal in the U. S. for employers to use I. Q. tests for employment selection. (False Moderate Intelligent Quotient p. 45) 63. Stamina, dexterity, and strength are dimensions of physical ability. (True Easy Nine Basic Physical Abilities p. 47) AACSB Analytic Skills 64. Individuals who have a high score on one dimension of physical ability will usually score high on all other dimensions. (False Moderate Physical Abilities p. 47) Biographical Characteristics 65. Biographical data is easier to acquire than information on employee motivation levels. (True Easy Biographical Characteristics p. 48) 66.Collecting biographical data is typically a very difficul t task in organizations. (False Easy Biographical Characteristics p. 48) 67. own(prenominal) characteristics that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records (such as age, sex, and marital status) are called biographical characteristics. (True Easy Biographical Characteristics p. 48) 68. A persons age is an example of a biographical characteristic. (True Easy Biographical Characteristics p. 48) 69. The relationship between age and job performance is likely to be an issue of increasing importance during the next decade. (True Moderate Age p. 8) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 70. Recent American legislation makes it easier for a company to oblige mandatory retirement. (False Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 71. Mandatory retirement has become an increasingly disused phenomenon in organizations. (True Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 72. Age and turnover rates are direct related. (True Moderate Age p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 73. Age and avoidable absences are negatively related. (True Moderate Age p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 74. Workers productivity tends to decline with age. False Moderate Age p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 75. Age and job satisfaction are related for professional workers. (True Moderate Age p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 76. In general, woman and men desire the same work schedules. (False Moderate Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 77. There is no significant difference between the absenteeism rates of men and women. (False Easy Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 78. In employment settings, individuals tend to favor colleagues of their own race in performance evaluations, promotion decisions, and pay raises. True Easy Race p. 51) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 79. Mental ability tests used for selection, promotion, training, and similar personnel decisions may have a negative impact on racial and ethnic group s. (True Challenging Race p. 51) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 80. People who have been on a job longer are more productive than those with less seniority. (True Moderate Tenure p. 52) 81. Tenure is negatively related to absenteeism. (True Moderate Tenure p. 52) 82. Tenure is negatively related to turnover. (True Moderate Tenure p. 52) 83.Tenure and satisfaction are negatively related. (False Moderate Tenure p. 52) Learning 84. Learning has occurred when in that location is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. (True Easy Learning p. 54) 85. One can easily observe others learning. (False Easy Learning p. 54) 86. Classical conditioning grew out of the work of B. F. Skinner. (False Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 55) 87. In Ivan Pavlovs study, dogs salivated in response to a ringing bell. (True Easy Classical Conditioning p. 55) 88. The meat in Pavlovs experiment was an unconditioned stimulus. True Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 5 5) 89. Learning a conditioned response involves building up an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. (True Challenging Classical Conditioning p. 55) 90. To explain why Christmas carols often bring back pleasant memories of childhood, you would use operant conditioning. (False Challenging Classical Conditioning p. 55) 91. Classical conditioning is passive. (True Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 56) 92. Classical conditioning can explain simple reflexive behaviors. (True Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 6) 93. Operant behavior means self-imposed or learned behavior in contrast to reflexive or unlearned behavior. (True Moderate Operant Conditioning p. 56) 94. What Pavlov did for operant conditioning, Skinner did for classical conditioning. (False Challenging Learning Theories p. 56) 95. Rewards are most effective if they are delayed following the desired response. (False Moderate Operant Conditioning p. 56) 96. Your supervisor has explained that he will reward those who take extra effort to see that their jobs are done well. This tactic follows from research into operant conditioning. True Easy Operant Conditioning p. 56) 97. Learning through both observation and direct experience is called operant conditioning. (False Easy Social Learning p. 57) 98. Older workers are not as capable of learning as younger employees. (False Moderate Age and Learning p. 58) 99. Trainability is a measure of a persons willingness to learn. (False Moderate Trainability p. 58) one hundred. Reduced motivation has been found to significantly influence learning and training outcomes. (True Moderate Learning p. 58) 101. Shaping occurs when we mold individuals by using intensive training to change their behavior quickly. False Easy Shaping p. 58) 102. One method of shaping behavior is called positive reinforcement and occurs when a desired response is followed with something pleasant. (True Moderate Positive Reinforcement p. 58) 103. Eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a behavior is called punishment. (False Moderate Extinction p. 59) 104. Both positive and negative reinforcement result in learning. (True Easy Methods of Shaping Behavior p. 59) 105. Both punishment and extinction weaken behavior and tend to decrease its subsequent frequency. (True Moderate Methods of Shaping Behavior p. 59) 06. A continuous reinforcement schedule reinforces the desired behavior each time it is demonstrated. (True Easy Continuous Reinforcement p. 59) 107. A piece-rate incentive plan is an example of a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement. (False Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) 108. Salespeople on counseling are examples of individuals on a variable-ratio schedule. (True Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) 109. In the typical OB Mod program, everything an employee does on his or her job is equally important in terms of performance outcomes. (False Moderate OB Mod p. 62) 110.The first step in OB Mod is to iden tify critical behaviors impacting the employees performance. (True Moderate OB Mod Steps p. 62) 111. Our knowledge about learning suggests that punishment is a more effective tool in OB mod than reinforcement. (False Moderate OB Mod and Reinforcement possibleness p. 63) SCENARIO-BASED QUESTIONS operation of Biographical Characteristics You work in the air filter manufacturing business. Your division is made up of three other people with very different biographical characteristics. Gina is 27 years old, single and female person. She has been with the company only half-dozen months.Jonathan is 63 years old and a widower who has been with the company for thirty years. fling is a single mother with four children who has been with the company for five years. 112. Based on the information given, which employee would be least likely to quit his or her job? a. all these employees would have about the same likelihood of quitting b. Gina c. Jonathan d. Sally e. Gina and Sally (c Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 113. Based on the information given, which employee would you expect to have the lowest rate of avoidable absence? a. ll these employees would have about the same rate of avoidable absence b. Sally c. Gina d. Jonathan e. Gina and Sally would probably have equally low rates (d Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 114. Based on the information given, which employee would you expect to most desire the option to telecommute or arrange a more flexible work schedule? a. all these employees would have the same desire for these options b. Jonathan c. Sally d. Gina e. Gina and Sally (c Moderate Gender p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic SkillsApplication of Learning TheoryShaping Behavior You are the first-line supervisor for a group of employees who make cheese slicers. Their job is not terribly interesting or challenging and you have noticed that they are frequently tardy travel from their breaks. You have studied the concept of shaping behavior and decide that you will try to apply it to this situation. 115. You praise Allen for returning on time from break. This is an example of _____. a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. extinction d. social learning e. modeling (b Moderate Positive Reinforcement p. 8) AACSB Analytic Skills 116. You want Allison to take an accounting telephone line so that she can admirer with the bookkeeping. Allison does not want to go to night school to take the origin and has been resisting. You know that her least favorite duty is preparing payroll. You tell her that she will be given extra help with preparing payroll whenever she takes an accounting class. This is an example of _____. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. extinction e. classical conditioning (b Challenging Negative Reinforcement p. 58) AACSB Analytic Skills 117.Sam is late coming back to work and yo u dock his pay. This is an example of _____. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. extinction e. classical conditioning (c Moderate Punishment p. 59) AACSB Analytic Skills Application of Different Schedules of Reinforcement You have opinionated to experiment with the relationship between reinforcement schedules and maintaining desired employee behavior. You are interested in observing the differences between continuous and intermittent reinforcement and between the various types of intermittent reinforcement schedules. 118.Veronica is paid $10. 00 per dozen units that she produces. This is an example of _____ reinforcement. a. intermittent, fixed-interval b. continuous c. intermittent, variable-interval d. negative e. none of the above (a Challenging Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills 119. Gerald is a staff accountant who is visited several quantify a year by the corporate auditor. These visits are unannounced. This is an example of _____reinforcement. a. intermittent, fixed-interval b. continuous c. intermittent, variable-interval d. negative e. reactive (c Challenging Intermittent Reinforcement p. 0) AACSB Analytic Skills 120. Johns attendance has historically been unreliable and you have decided to use reinforcement and compliment him when his attendance record shows improvement. The most effective schedule of reinforcement will probably be _____. a. variable-interval intermittent b. fixed-interval intermittent c. continuous d. punishment-based e. shaped (a Challenging Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills 121. You know that the reinforcement schedule that your firm chooses for compensation will have an impact on the behavior of employees.Which of the following is not likely based on available research? a. Continuous reinforcement schedules will lead to early satiation. b. Continuous reinforcement schedules are appropriate for newly emitted, unstable, or low-frequency responses. c. Vari able schedules do not clearly link performance and rewards. d. Fixed schedules will lead to higher performance than variable schedules. e. Variable schedules will be highly effective. (d Challenging Reinforcement Schedules and Behavior p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills Application of Behavior Modification Your manager has read about the now-classic study of Emerys use of OB Mod.He was impressed by the savings to the company of $2 million over a three-year period. He has announced that he is implementing an OB Mod program at your organization. 122. You can expect to see the application of which of the following in the work setting? a. reinforcement concepts to individuals b. open book management c. additional stock option plans d. analysis of biographical characteristics e. higher health care benefits (a Easy OB Mod p. 62) AACSB Analytic Skills 123. What is the first step that your manager is likely to take? a. identify behavioral consequences b. identify critical behaviors c. evaluate pe rformance improvement . develop baseline data e. none of the above (b Challenging OB Mod Steps p. 62) AACSB Analytic Skills 124. In the first step of the OB Mod program, your manager will most likely be attempting to identify those five to ten percent of behaviors that may account for up to _____ percent of each employees performance. a. 20-25 b. 40-50 c. 60-70 d. 70-80 e. 100 (d Challenging OB Mod Steps p. 62) SHORT DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 125. Why is the relationship between age and job performance likely to be an issue of increasing importance during the next decade? First, there is a widespread belief that job performance declines with increasing age.Regardless of whether its true or not, many people believe it and act on it. Second is the reality that the workforce is aging. Workers age 55 and older are currently the fastest-growing sector of the labor force. The third reason is that U. S. legislation, for all intents and purposes, outlaws mandatory retirement. (Easy Age p. 49) AA CSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 126. Has research indicated the existence of gender differences in job productivity? Explain. There is scant(p) evidence indicating that an employees gender affects his or her job productivity.In this area of study the similarities between male and female workers seems to far outweigh the very minor differences (for example, in the area of absenteeism) that have been found in some studies. (Easy Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 127. What is learning? Learning is defined as any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. (Easy Learning p. 54) 128. How can managers shape employee behavior? Managers can shape employee behavior by systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves the individual closer to the desired response.Managers can mold individuals by guiding their learning in graduated steps. Reinforcement increases as responses more closely appr oximate the desired behavior. Managers may use positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction to promote this gradual shaping of employee behavior. (Easy Shaping p. 58) AACSB Analytic Skills 129. Give an example of a fixed-ratio schedule for pay employees and an example of a variable-ratio schedule for payment. In a fixed-ratio schedule, rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses.For example, a worker is rewarded with a piece rate system paying $10 for every 12 widgets produced. Each dozen earns the worker another $10. A variable-ratio schedule provides variable reward relative to the behavior of the individual. For example, a car salesman on commission is on a variable-ratio schedule. Each latent customer does not necessarily result in a sale and thus a commission. (Easy Intermittent Reinforcement pp. 59-60) AACSB Analytic Skills MEDIUM LENGTH DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 130. What is ability? What are the two sets of factors comprisin g a persons ability level?Ability refers to an individuals capacity to perform the various tasks in a given job. It is a current assessment of what one can do. An individuals overall abilities are essentially made up of two sets of factors intellectual and physical abilities. 1) Intellectual abilities are those needed to perform mental activities. 2) Physical abilities are important for successfully performing jobs that are more standardised which require manual labor. (Easy Ability p. 45-47) AACSB Analytic Skills 131. What is the relationship between age and the organizational issues of productivity, turnover and satisfaction?This is a somewhat complex set of relationships. The older you get, the less likely you are to quit your job. Older workers are less likely to resign than are younger workers because their long tenure tends to provide them with higher wage rates, longer paid vacations, and more attractive pension benefits. In general, older employees have lower rates of avoid able absence than do younger employees. However, they also have higher rates of unavoidable absence, probably due to the poorer heath associated with aging and the longer recovery that older workers need when injured.The demands of most jobs, even those with heavy manual labor requirements, are not extreme enough for any declines in physical skills due to age to have an impact on productivity or if there is some annihilation due to age, it is offset by gains due to experience. The evidence is mixed when examining the relationship between age and job satisfaction, however. Most studies indicate a positive association between age and satisfaction, at least up to age 60. Other studies, however, have found a U-shaped relationship.Satisfaction tends to continually increase among professionals as they age, whereas it falls among nonprofessionals during middle age and then rises again in the later years. (Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 132. ma ke and briefly describe the five steps of a typical OB Mod program. The typical OB Mod program follows a five-step problem-solving model identifying critical behaviors, developing baseline data, identifying behavioral consequences, developing and implementing an interposition strategy, and evaluating performance improvement. ) The first step is to identify the critical behaviors that make a significant impact on the employees job performance. 2) The second step requires the manager to develop some baseline performance data. This is obtained by determining the number of times the identified behavior is occurring under present conditions. 3) The third step is to perform a functional analysis to identify the behavioral contingencies or consequences of performance. This tells the manager the antecedent cues that emit the behavior and the consequences that are currently maintaining it. ) In the fourth step, the manager develops and implements an intervention strategy to strengthen desira ble performance behaviors and weaken undesirable behaviors. 5) The final step is to evaluate performance improvement. (Moderate OB Mod Steps p. 62) AACSB Analytic Skills COMPREHENSIVE ESSAYS 133. How do we learn? Identify and discuss the theories to explain the process by which we acquire patterns of behavior. Be sure to specifically identify the key elements of each of these theories by name. Classical conditioning was discovered by Pavlov.Learning a conditioned response involves building up an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus in order to invoke the performance of a conditioned response, which was formerly an unconditioned response. When the stimuli, one compelling and the other one neutral, are paired, the neutral one becomes a conditioned stimulus and, hence, takes on the properties of the unconditioned stimulus and leads to the performance of a conditioned response (which is the same response as the original unconditioned response).Skinner , who discovered operant conditioning, argues that behavior is a function of its consequences. People learn to stomach to get something they want or to avoid something they dont want. Operant behavior means voluntary or learned behavior in contrast to reflexive or unlearned behavior. The tendency to repeat such behavior is influenced by the reinforcement or lack of reinforcement brought about by the consequences of the behavior and can be manipulated through positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, shaping, and extinction.Social learning is the theory that we can learn through both observation and direct experience. Social learning theory is an extension of operant conditioning it assumes that behavior is a function of consequences it also acknowledges the existence of observational learning and the importance of perception to learning. People respond to how they perceive and define consequences, not to the objective consequences themselves. (Challenging Learnin g Theories pp. 54 to 57) AACSB Analytic Skills 34. Discuss the four processes management should include when creating employee training programs. The likelihood that training programs will be successful can be amend with the inclusion of attentional, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement processes. People learn from a model only when they recognize and pay attention to its critical features. We tend to be most influenced by models that are attractive, repeatedly available, important to us, or similar to us in our estimation.A models influence will depend on how well the individual remembers the models action after the model is no longer readily available. after a person has seen a new behavior by observing the model, the watching must be converted to doing. This motor reproduction process demonstrates that the individuals can perform the modeled activities. Individuals will be make to exhibit the modeled behavior if positive incentives or rewards are provided. (Moderate Social Learning pp. 57-58) AACSB Analytic Skills