Selective Attrition in Psychology Experiments

Selective Attrition in Psychology Experiments Basics Print Selective Attrition in Psychology Experiments By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on July 20, 2019 Chris Windsor / Stone / Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In psychology experiments, selective attrition describes the tendency of some people to be more likely to drop out of a study than others. This tendency can threaten the validity of a psychological experiment. When data is collected at two or more points in time during an experiment, there will naturally be people who begin a study but then find that they cannot continue. Dropping out of a study can occur for a wide variety of reasons and can occur in both experimental and longitudinal designs. It is important to note that selective attrition does not mean that certain people are more likely to quit a study. Instead, it simply implies that there is a tendency for people to quit an experiment for a variety of reasons. Causes The main reasons why people drop out of research studies are sometimes referred to as the four Ms: Motivation: Sometimes people simply lose the motivation to continue an experiment. They become bored and lose interest or find other things that they prefer.Mobility: In other cases, people move out of the area and are simply no longer able to continue in the study due to geographic reasons. This is especially true during longitudinal studies. When researchers attempt to locate the original participants, they may find that many have moved and cannot be found.Morbidity: Illness can also prevent people from participating in research and may lead them to drop out of a study. Participants might experience brief episodes of sickness that prevent them from participating at critical points of the study, while others might develop serious diseases or addiction relapses that prevent any further participation.Mortality: Finally, participants sometimes pass away before research studies are completed. This is particularly true for longitudinal studies centered on aging adults. Attrition Bias While selective attrition doesn’t imply that certain types of participants are more likely to drop out of a study, attrition can result in a research bias when the people who prematurely exit a study are fundamentally different from those who remain in the study. When this happens, researchers end up with a final study group that is quite different from the original sample. Because of the differences between the original sample and the final group of participants, something known as an attrition bias can affect the results of the study. It is important to note, however, that if there are no systematic differences between those who complete a study and those who drop out, then the results will not be impacted by the attrition bias. Threats to Validity When certain groups of individuals drop out of a study, attrition can also affect the validity of the results. Since the final group of participants no longer accurately reflects the original representative sample, the results cannot be generalized to a larger population. Imagine that researchers are doing a longitudinal study on how cardio exercise impacts cognitive functioning as people age. The researchers begin their study by collecting data from a representative sample of middle-aged adults between the ages of 40 and 45. Over the next few decades, the researchers continue to periodically collect data on the aerobic fitness and cognitive functioning of their original sample. Selective attrition will happen naturally with a study that occurs over such a long period of time. Some participants will move, some will lose interest, some with suffer from illness, and some will even pass away. But what if certain groups of individuals become more prone to selective attrition? Suppose that widowers tend to drop out of the study more frequently than those who have a surviving spouse. Because the final sample lacks data from this group, it may no longer reflect the tendencies that exist in the overall population at large, threatening the external validity of the study and making it difficult to generalize the results to the entire populace. Internal validity can also be a problem with there are different attrition rates between the control groups and the experimental groups. If researchers were conducting an experiment on treatment for anxiety, for example, the results of the study might be biased if people in the experimental group dropped out at a higher rate than those in the control group. Consider, for example, if this attrition rate is due to anxiety that prevents participants from completing the study. Since the experimental group includes a higher proportion of individuals who benefited from the treatment, the results will be biased and suggest that the treatment was perhaps more effective than it really was. A Word From Verywell Some attrition is only natural in psychology studies. Very high levels of attrition, however, can hurt the validity of the results. Research has also shown that selective attrition can also impact research results. In one study, for example, researchers found that attrition led to overestimates of the effects of treatment.

Electronic Financial Systems ( Efs ) - 739 Words

Electronic Financial Systems (EFS), a subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase, focuses on providing customers electronic benefit transfer (EBT) services. EBT is a well-known financial service allowing U.S. recipients to acquire government benefits through a single debit card solution. EFS’s mission is to maintain a top position in the EBT marketplace by providing superior services along with the most widespread debit card network. The needs of EFS are to maintain a stable, industry standard system that provides the very best service and support to its clients. This includes, so as to ensure exceptional customer satisfaction, that the organization provide assurances that funding be provided timely, accurately, and with the greatest of security†¦show more content†¦Theses steps include assessing the individual’s comfort zone, that needs are met by the job void left behind, the new team has the capacity to assimilate for the new position, and a transition plan is in place (A zulay, 2013, p. 77). 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The Issues Of The Companies Act - 2134 Words

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Marketing in Contemporary Context Free Essays

Marketing in Contemporary Contexts| October 15 2012 | From: Hong Minh VuStudent ID 1216011To: Dr. Amandeep TakharUnit leader of Marketing in Contemporary Contexts| | There can be various answers to this question, and it can be varied in depth and example. From my understanding, I feel that marketing does both. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing in Contemporary Context or any similar topic only for you Order Now It creates and also satisfies needs of customers. For establised firms, it’s essential to be able to satisfy the needs of customers. As they say, a satisfied customer is a profitable one. To be able to satisfy the customer’s needs, the firm thus tries to understand it’s customer’s needs and then attempt try to deliver it. On the other hand, new firms or marketing these days also attempt to ‘create’ needs. By doing so, the customer have a reason to buy the product. The basic reason customers purchase anything is they need it. However if customers have a perception that they do not need it, they may not purchase the product. Hence marketing these days have evolved to create needs for customers. Marketing these days does not only mean existing customers, which have needs but also non existing customers, which have no needs. Creating needs by marketing can mean the excellent usage of promotion activities, from words on a poster to colours on it. It can also mean effective sales techniques by the door to door salesman which can talk their way to sell you anything. The traditional concept of marketing was only about sales or meeting the â€Å"current needs† of a consumer. But the same cannot be felt, today with the number of firms on the rise in the same industry, state and even the same street. Everyone is in a race either to: * Capture a customer   and satisfy their needs * Create a customer and satisfy their needs. So what If the competitor has already captured the potential customer, there are many more people in the market yet to realize the need which is created but not actually needed. Let’s take an example. Mac Books or laptops are such a common commodity among students and even school kids irrespective of the fact that it is not really needed. Can’t they manage with a desktop at home? But now day’s companies do more! They educate people and give them eason to buy their products and this is what people might call it â€Å"creation of needs† people purchase something when they need it, if they think they do not need the product they may not purchase it. How many people today in Pakistan need I-pod? How many people really need Mobile + Internet + Camera + TV all in one set? Can we call it marketers created their needs? References Parsons, E. and Maclaran. P. (2010), Contemporary issues in Marketing Consumer Behaviour, Butterworth Heinemann Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2012), Marketing Management, Pearson Education How to cite Marketing in Contemporary Context, Essay examples

The Spark Inside Me free essay sample

â€Å"She can’t see the paper that is in front of her face! She needs help!† exclaimed my mom through the phone. My mom echoed this line many more times throughout the months that followed. Being curious, as always, I inquired as to who my mother was always pleading about. The response I repeatedly received was â€Å"a student†. This made me even more curious, but I knew not to pry. A few months later I finally learned who it was; Rachel, a girl I knew simply as any other regular student in my mom’s class. At that moment no one knew the severity of her loss of eye sight until the disease was uncovered and the sad truth was revealed. Once upon a time, in a not so far away land the life of a princess was turned upside down. Princess Rachel’s life was reduced from a bright flame to a flickering spark. We will write a custom essay sample on The Spark Inside Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Out of nowhere the evil witch of Batten Disease cast a spell upon Rachel’s existence. This greatly changed her life, the lives of her parents, John and Kat, and her three siblings, Julie, London, and Boston. This disease had no signs of its coming intrusion and could not be prevented. The evil witch would invade her victims by destroying their eye sight, creating dementia, and eventually, taking their lives. In hope of being cured from this disease Princess Rachel was taken to a castle in a land far, far away, known as Boston Children’s Hospital. This is where Rachel’s knights in shining amour were waiting to save her, but sadly their quest would not be completed. Here her family received some heart wrenching news; the disease was incurable. This news reduced the light of hope they had into an ember amidst the fallen rubble. The carefree life her loved ones once knew soon disappeared along with the hopes and dreams they had for their little princess. Presently blind, Princess Rachel has never let the evil witch stand in her way. Her vibrant cheerful life she once knew has remained unchanged. Rachel remains the same perfect, positive princess she has always been. Rachel’s attitude and incredible smile is as infectious as happiness when a small child reads a fairy tale, much like the one Rachel that lives. Rachel’s positive attitude influences not only myself, but she creates a spark of hope in everyone she meets and sometimes a flame emerges. She ignited this flame in me; Rachel’s story and my relationship with her have completely changed my outlook on life. I have learned that I can do anything and when I feel I cannot I think, if Rachel is able to live with this deadly disease and still maintain an uplifting attitude, then so can I. The change I have experienced from being close to Rachel has made me a more motivated, hardworking, and determined individual. These characteristics that I have improved upon are applied to everything I do whether it be academics, theater, mock trial, or volunteer services, and I will continue to apply these qualities to everything I go in the future. Although Rachel’s life seems very dimly lit, you never know when a bright spark may come into sight. To many it seems that there could never be a happily ever after in her fairy tale, but in reality it remains unknown because the story has yet been completed. A life is still there to be lived, and a happily ever after could always appear even with the smallest glimmer of light. Maybe someday Rachel will be able to look back and see all the pages she has written for the inspirational story, that is her life.

teen drug abuse essays

teen drug abuse essays Teen drug use is on the rise in the 90's. But one of the most popular drugs is marijuana beacause it is so easy to get and usually cheap. But there are many other kinds of drugs, you got PCP, LSD, Hash, and many others that come from the same plant but all of them are hazardous to your body and your health. Most people use the drugs just to forget about everything, but they forget about the dangers drugs can cause them. Marijuana is a big seller these days and it is a lot worse than it used to be people's bodies are building ip immunity's to the drugs the the dealers have to add more things to help you get the "high". Divorce is on the rise and kids feel it's their fault and they need a way to escape from the pain of there messed up life. Another reason is because their friends pressure them into using drugs most marijuana users are 12-18. The THC in the marijuana makes you experiance the "high" but what really make the THC grow is when this resin comes out on to the leaves and stems . Grass is something that comes from marijuana it is made up of dried choped leaves, stems, and leaves. In 100 ounces of grass, ther are 1 to 2 ounces of the THC. Sinsemilla is grass made of a plant that has larger amounts of THC than grass. In 100 ounces of sinsemilla there about 6 ounces of THC. Hashish is made of dried flowers, leaves and resin. In 100 ounces of hashish there are 8 to 14 ounces of THC. Hash oil is the plant's resin. 100 ounces of hash oil there are 15 to 40 ounces of THC. Thses different types of marijuana can be mixed together for a all different "high" all types of marijuana are smoked in a cigarette or pipe and sometimes added to food. Most teen marijuana users think that it help them do music, food, and have better sex. They enjoy the many things that appear do be different like art and sounds seem more intense. Some of the harmful effects of marijuana use can harm parts of the body. Like cigarette smoke, marijuana smo ...

7 Types of Euphemism

7 Types of Euphemism 7 Types of Euphemism 7 Types of Euphemism By Mark Nichol Euphemisms, words or phrases that substitute for provocative or emotionally charged terms, are employed for various reasons: 1. Abstraction: Some euphemisms serve to distance people from unpleasant or embarrassing truths, as when we say that a dead person passed away or a celebrity who has canceled an appearance is suffering from exhaustion. 2. Indirection: A euphemism may replace an explicit description of an action, as when people speak of going to the bathroom or of others sleeping together. 3. Litotes: Sometimes, euphemism occurs in the form of this rhetorical device in which the gravity or force of an idea is softened or minimized by a double negative, as in the reference to someone as being not unattractive. 4. Mispronunciation: Alteration of pronunciation is a form of euphemism, as when we say frigging or shoot, or jeez or cripes, so as not to offend people by using profanity (figurative or literal). These types of euphemisms, involving rhyme, alliteration, or shortening, are also called minced oaths. 5. Modification: A bluntly offensive noun can be transformed into a euphemism by converting it to an adjective, as in saying someone has socialist leanings rather than labeling them a socialist outright. 6. Personification: One form of euphemism is when things that some people prefer not to mention candidly, such as genitals, are assigned personal names. (I will go beyond euphemism and let readers think of examples on their own.) 7. Slang: Much of slang, derived to produce a vocabulary exclusive to a social group, is euphemism, as in the use of joint for marijuana (itself a slang term, derived from the Spanish names Mary and Juana closely related to â€Å"Mary Jane,† yet another euphemism). Corporations and government bureaucracies, including military services, are masters are creating euphemisms of abstraction and indirection such as pre-owned for used, effluent for pollution, and â€Å"collateral damage† in place of â€Å"accidental killing.† Euphemism is also often employed in an attempt to make polite reference to physical or psychological disability, though some people argue that while a trend toward ever more euphemistic language seems to accord people so labeled more respect, euphemism can also diminish the public perception of the seriousness of the condition. Not all euphemism is deplorable, but much of it is, and writers and editors must search their consciences and uphold their principles in deciding whether to couch terms or whether to use straightforward language. Although an increased likelihood of euphemism seems to correlate with the extent of distribution of a publication, it is also often true that the more widespread the readership of a publication, the safer it is for those who produce its content to be blunt and honest. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative Conflict15 Great Word Games25 Favorite Portmanteau Words